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THE AMERICAN
BIOLOGY TEACHER
VO L. 79
|
N O. 4
AP R I L 2017
Contents
Feature Articles
The T3 Method (“T3 It!”): Transcribe → Translate → Transform
Revamping traditional transcription-translation exercises to link prescriptive genetic information with
protein structure and function
Brett Malas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Available online at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . http://www.nabt.org/websites/institution/index.php?p=762
Developing Scientists: Authentic Research in Genetics using Paramecia
Fostering mastery learning for students in the biological sciences
Nancy L. Elwess, Sandra M. Latourelle, Michael Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
About Our Cover
This image shows hemoglobin proteins from
diverse members of the animal kingdom. Starting
in the top right corner and moving clockwise are
hemoglobin proteins from clam (4HRR), tubeworm
(2ZS0), buffalo (3CY5), human hemoglobin S
(2HbS) and above it, normal human hemoglobin
(2HHb), turtle (3AT5), a tubeworm species from a
hydrothermal vent (1YHU), an emerald rock cod
(3GKV), and the common earthworm (1X9F).
In each case, the amino acid backbone is
colored light grey, and the amino acid sidechains
are hidden. Heme groups can be identified by
their oxygen atoms, which are colored in red.
Hemoglobin proteins perform an essential
function by ferrying oxygen from the lungs to the
deepest recesses of our tissues. When oxygen
is plentiful, it binds to the iron component of
heme, a chemical group held in place by two
or more kinds of hemoglobin proteins. When
the oxygen concentration drops, these proteins
change shape, releasing oxygen from the red
blood cells to surrounding cells and tissues.
The combined requirements of binding and
releasing oxygen in a controlled manner limit
the kinds of structural change that can be
tolerated by the heme group during evolution.
One consequence is that hemoglobin proteins
from different organisms appear similar in
structure.
Another consequence is that DNA mutations
that alter the hemoglobin structure often result
in disease. In humans, sickle cell anemia is an
inherited autosomal recessive disorder following
the Mendelian pattern of incomplete dominance.
A single nucleotide mutation of the β-globin
gene, found on the short arm of chromosome 11,
changes an adenine base to a thymine base. This
results in a valine substitution for glutamic acid
at position 6 of the β-globin protein chain. This
change in one amino acid causes hemoglobin
to polymerize into longer chains (HbS; bottom,
center) in conditions of low oxygen concentration.
These hemoglobin polymers change the shape
of the red blood cells, making it difficult for the
erythrocytes to flow through capillaries and deliver
oxygen, leading to serious complications.
The cover image was created by Sandra Porter,
PhD ([email protected]), Digital
World Biology LLC, with the Molecule World™ iPad
app, DigitalWorldBiology.com. All structures were
obtained from the NCBI, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Inquiry & Investigations
Using Drosophila to Study How Genes Control Cell Migration
Learning how model organisms can be used to understand the molecular basis
of disease and disorders
Kevin McCormick, Leonard L. Dobens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Teaching the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A 5E Lesson Plan
Focusing on understanding and topics that are interesting and meaningful to young people
Mike U. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Building ZOOB Models to Help Students Learn about Nucleic Acid Structure
and Function
R E C O M M E N D AT I O N
Helping students learn about nucleic acid structure & the process of transcription one block
at a time
Elizabeth A. Mulligan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Tips, Tricks & Techniques
Creating a Reliable, Cost-Effective ELISA Simulation
A reliable yet inexpensive way of effectively simulating the ELISA assay
Julie Olson, Michael Amolins, Peter Vitiello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Using a Model to Teach Crossing Over
Helping students to understand how homologous chromosomes occur & how crossing over is realized
Feride Keskin, Aylin Çam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Solving Hardy-Weinberg with Geometry: An Integration of Biology and Math
Skip the equations and use geometry to evaluate Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Laura A. Schoenle, Matthew Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Feature Article
Enhancing Student Understanding of Color Perception: A Teaching Activity on Intersubjective
Color Variations
Introducing students to intersubjective color variations among normal perceivers
Dimitria Electra Gatzia, Richard L. Einsporn, R. D. Ramsier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Departments
Guest Editorial • Introducing Students to the Genome: Brave New World or the Red Queen’s Wonderland?
• Charles G. Wray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letters to the Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Book Reviews • Amanda L. Glaze, Department Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classroom Materials & Media Reviews • Remy Dou, Department Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sacred Bovines • Does the Evidence Speak for Itself? Archibald Garrod & Inborn Errors of Metabolism
• Douglas Allchin, Department Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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