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THE ABCs OF
POWER CONDITIONING
A Simplified Approach to
Understanding Power Quality
Problems and How to Solve Them.
What is the origin of
power quality problems?
Usually they have an earthly source
Hildegard, switch off the
mixer, my monitor is
flickering!
And I don‘t mean this one . . . .
Where Do Power Quality
Problems Start?
• Disturbances are generated external to a
facility.
• Disturbances are generated internal to a
facility.
The Four D’s of Power Disturbances
• Destruction
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–
–
–
High energy
Short duration
Visible evidence
Easy to establish cause
and effect
The Four D’s of Power Disturbances
• Degradation
–
–
–
–
–
Low energy
Constant exposure
Cumulative damage
No visible evidence
Electronic rust
The Four D’s of Power Disturbances
• Disruption
– Low energy
– Interferes with
operation of logic
circuits
– Lockups, reboots,
program dumps
– No trouble found
system failures
– Frustration
The Four D’s of Power Disturbances
• Dynamics
– Noise that can be heard
– Noise that can be seen
– Noise that interferes
with the enjoyment of
the production,
performance, or
meeting
How Do Power Disturbances
Enter an Electronic System?
There are two pathways
Normal Mode
Phase (hot) to Neutral
Should be <10 volts
Common Mode
Neutral to Ground
Should be < ½ volt
The Nature of Power Problems
• 10% of problems are
outages
• 90% are noise, voltage
surges, harmonics, etc.
• It’s what you don’t see
that can kill you
10%
90%
What Devices Are Used To Solve
Power Problems. Which Device
Is The Appropriate One To Use?
SIMPLE AS A-B-C
The Voltage Surge
A – The Surge Diverter
Clamping
Level
Power Line Noise
AC – The Surge Diverter & Filter
Common Mode Voltage
• Voltage measured neutral to ground
–
–
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Voltage spikes
Conducted noise
Radiated noise
Unbalanced electrical distribution
Circuit loading
B – Isolation Transformer
G
E
A
R
Balanced Power Transformer
60 volts
H
G
60 volts
N
Voltage Sags and Swells
• Short term (less than 1
minute) decrease or
increase in line voltage
• Variety of causes both
internal and external
• Most modern loads are
relatively immune
D – The Voltage Regulator
• Variety of technologies
–
–
–
–
Ferroresonant (undesirable for modern gear)
Tap switching autoformer (better)
Tap switching isolation transformer (better yet)
Electronic regulator with isolated output (best
bet)
Power Outages
• Complete loss of
power for seconds to
hours in duration
• Usually the result of a
power company
failure although may
have internal facility
causes, too.
E – The Uninterruptible Power
Supply (UPS)
• Converts chemical energy stored in batteries
to electrical energy to power the load
• A variety of technologies (standby, line
interactive, on line
• Some are power conditioned some are not
• BUYER BEWARE!
Not All UPSs Are Alike
If You Need a UPS
• It should be sine wave inverter design
• Inverter topology depends on the gear and
application (standby or on line)
• Must have an isolation transformer if you
want it to also provide power conditioning
An Integrated Approach
• Using an integrated ABCs approach will
– Prevent destruction, degradation, and disruption
and safeguard dynamics
– Protect from the full range of power quality
problems that affect your systems
– Improve system performance
– Reduce operating and repair costs
– Increase satisfaction
Questions ?