Download Chapter 2 Outline

CHAPTER 2
Heredity & Prenatal Development
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
c.
a.
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
f.
a.
b.
g.
a.
h.
a.
b.
i.
a.
j.
a.
b.
The Influence of Heredity on Development
a. Genetic influences on development
b. Mitosis – genetic code carried into new cells in our bodied
c. Meiosis – sperm and ova are produced this way
d. Twins
Monozygote, dizygote
Chromosomes and Genes
a. Chromosomes, genes, polygenic, DNA defined
b. Discussion of autosomes and sex chromosomes
Development of monozygotic and dizygotic twins explained
How traits are determined explained
Alleles, homozygous, dominant trait, recessive trait, carriers, multifactorial problems defined
Chromosomal Abnormalitites
Down’s syndrome explained
Discussion of sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter syndrome, Turner and
Triple X syndrome
Genetic Abnormalities
Transmission of phenylketonuria (PKU) explained
Huntington’s disease (HD) described
Sickle-cell anemia and statistics of disease presented
Tay-Sachs disease discussed
Cystic Fibrosis discussion
Sex-linked Genetic Abnormalities
Hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy discussed
Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Testing
Purpose and process of amniocentesis
Purpose and process of chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Purpose and process of ultrasound and sonogram
Purpose and process of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay
Heredity and Environment
Genotypes defined
Phenotypes defined
Kinship Studies
Discussion of the purpose of kinship studies
Twin Studies: Looking in the Genetic Mirror
Reasons why studies on MZ and DZ twins occur
Discussion of contribution of MZ and DZ twin studies to understanding role of heredity and
environment in development
Adoption Studies
Contribution of adoption studies to understanding development discussed
Conception: Against all Odds
The role of ova and hormones in fertilization explained
Sperm cell development stages explained
c.
k.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
l.
a.
m.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
n.
a.
b.
o.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
p.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
q.
a.
b.
Discussion of problems affecting male fetus development
Infertility and Other ways of Becoming Parents
Causes of infertility described
Artificial insemination procedure explained
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) explained
Surrogate mother process explained
Adoption choice discussed
Selecting the Sex of Your Child
Discussion of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) process
Prenatal Development
Germinal stage developmental process discussed
Embryonic stage developmental process explained
How sexual differentiation occurs explained
Role of the amniotic sac, fluid and placenta explained
Fetal stage developmental process explained
Changes in fetal development presented chronologically
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Role of nutrition in fetal development explained
Contributing factors to stillbirth explained
Teratogens and Health Problems of the Mother
Exposure to teratogens during critical periods explained
Contributions of different sexually transmitted infections on fetal development explained
Influence of rubella on prenatal development
Effect of toxemia on prenatal development explored
Rh incompatibility explained
Drugs Taken by the Parents
Thalidomide birth defects explained
Role of hormones contributing to health problems in offspring
Discussion of high doses of vitamins A and D
Maternal addiction to heroin and methadone and effects on newborns described
Marijuana and risks to fetus explained
Cocaine abuse and risk of stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW), and birth defects explained
Alcohol and risks for the embryo and fetus explained (fetal alcohol syndrome)
Conflicting caffeine study results discussed
Effects of cigarettes on fetal development explored
Environmental Hazards
Discussion of lead, mercury, zinc, polychlorinated biphenyls and radiation on development
Parents’ age and contribution to developmental issues explored