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ROME NOTES (Part 2)
The Punic Wars
• Due to the conquest of Italy, the Romans now faced the powerful city and empire of _____________
located in North ___________________
– Both wanted to control the ____________________________
• First Punic War
– War started in 246 BC when the Romans sent an army to help some allies in _____________
• Carthage considered this an act of ____________ because they believed Sicily to be part
of their _____________________
– Carthage’s powerful navy _______________________ the fighting early on
• The Romans were a _______________ power and had to create their own navy
– The war ended when the Roman navy _______________ the Carthaginian navy off the coast of
Sicily
– Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and vowed ___________________
•
Second Punic War
– Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s ____________________ allies to revolt and Carthage
struck back with the greatest Carthaginian general, _______________________
• Hannibal decided to bring war _________________ to the Romans
• 218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of ___________ men and a force of _____ war
elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to __________________ Italy
– 216 BC Romans decided to meet ____________________ head on
• Was a ___________________ for Rome – lost an army of _______________
• Refused to ___________________ and raised another army
– For many years Hannibal ______________________ the Italian countryside
• Defeated one Roman ________________ after another
• Battle of __________________ – 15,000 Romans killed, 15,000 captured, Hannibal only
lost 1,500 and an ______________
• In another battle _______________ Romans died or were wounded
– Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans decided on a new ____________________
• The Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean and attacked _________________
• Carthage was forced to _______________ Hannibal
– Battle of ____________ (202 BC) – Romans ________________ Hannibal’s army
• Carthage lost _________________, which became part of Rome
• Carthage was stripped of its ___________________
• Rome is now the ______________________ power on the Mediterranean
• Third Punic War
– Romans decide in favor of the complete ________________________ of Carthage
– After a ______________ of three years, Carthage finally fell in 146 BC
• Roman soldiers spent ten days __________________ and demolishing buildings
• The entire population was sold into _______________________
• Carthage became a Roman province called ____________________
Collapse of the Republic
• Social ____________________
– Growing ____________________ among the various classes
– Soldier-farmers were returning home from years of service and finding that their land had either
been _______________ or was in __________ shape
• Two brothers, the _________, tried to redistribute public land and were quite popular
• The Roman elite, especially the __________________, were unhappy about this
– The Senate urged ______________ to kill the two brothers
– For the first time, the blood of Roman citizens was __________________ shed in the Forum
• ___________________ had become a political tool
• The military in ____________________
– Gaius _________________, a talented young military leader was elected consul and he decided
to improve _______________________ for the army
• Eliminated _______________________ requirements
• Poor people began to join and swore an oath of loyalty to the _________________, not to
the ________________ state, in hopes of sharing the plunder from war
– Result was that armies largely became _________________ forces devoted to a general and
placed much __________________ in the hands of individual generals
• Generals could use __________________ of troops as a political tool
– New type of army that was not under gov’t ______________________
• The Civil War
– General _____________ became consul and Marius and his supporters defied Roman custom by
trying to ______________ Sulla from taking a military command
• Sulla responded by _____________________ on Rome with his legions
– Sulla emerged victorious and became a ____________________
• Dictator = an ______________________ ruler
• _____________________ all who had opposed him
• Carried out reforms aimed at __________________ the power of the Senate and
_________________ the Republic
– Legacy of Sulla = using an ____________________ to seize power
Rise of the Roman Empire
• The old Republic was mostly gone within a _____________________ of Sulla
– Was the result of the ______________________ of just a few men
• The First ________________________
– Triumvirate = rule by ___________ people with ________________ power
– The first Triumvirate was composed of Julius ________________, Pompey, and Crassus
• Caesar added _____________ – modern France
• Pompey added ________________ and parts of Asia Minor
• Crassus was one of the ____________________ men in Rome
– Took over _________________ in 60 BC
• Crassus died and Caesar and Pompey faced off in a civil war – Caesar was ________
– Senate declared Caesar ________________ for life in 44 BC
• Gave citizenship to people in the provinces and gave public land to ______________
• Was ____________________ with the people, but many senators thought he meant to
___________________ the Republic
– _________ of March (March 15) – a group of senators _________________ Julius Caesar
• Second Triumvirate
– Established in 43 BC – composed of _________________ (Caesar’s adopted son and heir), Marc
__________________, and Lepidus
• Lepidus was pushed aside and Octavian and Antony each decide to govern ________ the
empire
– Civil war breaks out and Octavian defeats Antony and his ally Queen ___________ of Egypt
• Both commit ___________________ after the defeat
– Octavian now alone __________________ Rome, the Republic was effectively __________
• Senate awards Octavian the title ______________________ “the revered one”
– Continued to control the army and took the name __________________________
• Imperator = _____________________ in chief (_______________________)
• Became the first ______________________ of Rome
• The Augustan Age
– Augustus ruled Rome for more than ______ years
– Divided the power to rule Rome between himself and the _____________________
• Later emperors took over more and more ____________________ of the Senate
• Julio-Claudians – relatives of ______________________ ruled for the next 54 years
– Tiberius – adopted son of ____________________
– Caligula – ________________ and mentally ______________________
– Nero – killed his own _____________________ and committed suicide
• The Five _______________ Emperors:
– N_________, T___________, H__________, Antoninus P_____, and Marcus ____________
– Governed Rome for nearly a _____________ and under them the empire grew tremendously
– Hadrian built _______________ fortifications along the frontiers to guard against invasions
• Hadrian’s Wall – built in northern ________________
Pax Romana
• Pax Romana = Roman __________________
– Age of peace and __________________________
– Started off with the reign of _____________________ in 27 BC and ended with the death of the
last Good Emperor, __________________________________, in 180 AD
• _______________ gov’t, strong legal system, widespread trade
• Not much ____________ or invasion
– The Roman gov’t was the strongest ___________________ force in the empire
• Maintained order and ______________________ the laws
– Extensive road network – _____________ miles