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Transcript
AP Biology Test 10 - Evolution Review Sheet This test will cover material from chapters 22, 23, 24, and a bit of 25 in the textbook. As usual it will include multiple choice questions and one essay; there may be a short-answer Hardy-Weinberg question as well. Content – you should be able to define and explain all terms and ideas shown here. You should also be ready to provide examples for each concept. I. What is evolution? a. Change over time b. Theory of natural selection (Darwin) i. Genetic variation ii. Overproduction of offspring iii. Competition for survival and reproduction iv. Differential survival and reproduction with better traits passed on more – over many generations, they become more frequent in the population II. Evidence for Evolution a. Fossil record b. Homology i. Anatomical ii. Embryological iii. Molecular c. Biogeography d. Divergent vs. convergent evolution – homologous vs. analogous structures III. Microevolution a. Population b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (be prepared for a math problem or two) i. Gene pools ii. Allele frequencies iii. Genotype frequencies iv. Conditions that must be met for equilibrium to exist c. Microevolutionary forces (that violate HW eq) i. Mutation ii. Migration iii. Nonrandom mating – assortative, disassortative iv. Genetic drift 1. small populations 2. population bottleneck 3. founder effect v. Natural selection 1. directional 2. disruptive 3. stabilizing – heterozygote advantage 4. sexual selection (intra, inter) IV. Speciation a. Definition(s) of species b. Modes of speciation i. allopatric ii. sympatric c. Barriers that prevent hybridization i. prezygotic (geographic, habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, chemical) ii. postzygotic (hybrid inviability, hybrid inferiority, hybrid sterility) d. Rates of speciation i. gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium ii. adaptive radiation iii. stasis