Download lesson 9 - WordPress.com

LESSON 5
PART 1
POPULATION AND URBANIZATION
1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:
crude birthrate
concentric-zone
age composition
urban society
fresh water
out-migration
kinship ties
urban industrial
clean air
in-migration
arable soil
class interests
health care
public health
Subcultural theory
psychic overload
World War II
metropolitan area
urban revolution
demographic transition
defended neighborhoods
crude death rate
rate of reproductive change
disability-adjusted life expectancy
declining
zones
births
economically
high
families
declining
migration
commercial
fuels
expand
industrial
deaths
larger
population
settlement
satellite
strip
urbanization
families
cultural
institutional
transportation
metropolitan
anomie
megalopolis
intimate
community
impersonal
automobiles
stressful
individualism
highways
decentralization
stable
anomic
lifestyle
kinship
groups
ethnicity
occupation
7 billion
1.5
socially
Populations
change
as
a
consequence
of
_____________________,
_____________________, _____________________ and _____________________. The
_____________________ is the number of births occurring during a year in a given
population divided by the midyear population. The _____________________ is the
number of deaths occurring during a year divided by the midyear population. The
_____________________ is the difference between the crude birthrate and the crude
death rate for a given population. Since World War II the world population has been
increasing at an annual rate of more than _____________________ percent, surpassing
_____________________ in 2012.
The _____________________ is a set of major changes in birth and death rates that has
occurred most completely in _____________________ nations in the past 200 years. It
takes place in three stages: (1) _____________________ birth and death rates; (2)
_____________________ death rates; and (3) _____________________ birthrates.
These stages are accompanied by changes in the _____________________ of the
population. Life expectancy is highest in societies with advanced systems of
_____________________ and well-developed _____________________ systems. A
more sophisticated measure, _____________________ (DALE), takes into account how
long a person can live without severe and disabling illness.
The growth of the human population in the past two centuries has begun to exert major
stresses on the earth’s resources of _____________________, _____________________
and _____________________ for drinking and irrigation, as well as on its sources of
_____________________.
Urbanization is closely linked with rapid increases in _____________________, but at
the same time the nature of life in cities tends to limit the size of urban
_____________________. Cities grow primarily as a result of _____________________
(which is often caused by population increases in rural areas), but new migrants do not
find it easy to form _____________________.
The increasing tendency of people throughout the world to live in cities has been referred
to as the _____________________. Not only are increasing proportions of the world’s
population living in cities, but the cities themselves are _____________________ than
ever before. The growth of cities in the 20th century gave rise to the concept of the
_____________________, in which a central city is surrounded by a number of smaller
cities and suburbs that are closely related to it both _____________________ and
_____________________. The growth of cities should be distinguished from
_____________________ which refers to the proportion of the total population
concentrated in urban settlements. The result of urbanization is an
“_____________________”. Not only do cities serve as the _____________________
and _____________________ centers of such societies, but urban life has a pervasive
influence on the entire society.
Sociologists have devoted a great deal of study to the processes by which cities
_____________________ and to patterns of _____________________ within cities. An
early model of urban expansion was the _____________________ model developed by
Park and Burgess. In this model a central business district is surrounded by successive
_____________________ devoted to light manufacturing, workers’ homes, higher-class
apartment buildings and single-family homes, and a commuters’ zone. This model is
limited to _____________________ and _____________________ cities that formed
around business centers and does not account for the rise of _____________________
cities and the rapid urbanization that occurs along commercial _____________________
corridors. The growth of satellite cities was especially rapid before
_____________________. A more current model of urbanization is known as
_____________________ development and describes the incorporation of smaller
communities and towns into a larger _____________________ area. Metropolitan areas
have expanded greatly since the mid-twentieth century, largely as a result of the
increasing use of _____________________ and the construction of a network of
_____________________ covering the entire nation. In some areas this growth has
created large multinuclear urban systems that are described by the term
_____________________. One effect of the development of such areas is
_____________________, in which outlying areas become more important at the
expense of the central city. Social scientists who have studied the effects of urban life
have been particularly concerned with the tension between _____________________ and
_____________________ as it relates to life in cities. Early studies of urban life tended
to
conclude
that
it
weakens
_____________________
and
produces
_____________________ social relationships. Urban life was also thought to produce
“_____________________” and _____________________. More recently these
conclusions have been criticized by researchers who have found that many city dwellers
maintain _____________________, _____________________ relationships with kin,
neighbors and coworkers and that urban life is not necessarily _____________________
or _____________________. _____________________ sees the city as a mosaic of
social worlds or intimate social groups. Communities of all kinds can be found in cities.
Those
communities
may
be
based
on
_____________________,
_____________________, _____________________, _____________________ or
similar personal attributes.
Occasionally various communities within cities come into conflict. Such conflict may
arise out of different _____________________ or the conflicting goals of different
_____________________ within the city. Some urban sociologists see the city as divided
into “_____________________” or territories whose residents attempt to protect them
from “invasion” by outsiders.
2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the
appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
crude birthrate
crude death rate
rate of reproductive change
demographic transition
urbanization
metropolitan area
megalopolis
___ 1. the difference between the crude birthrate and the crude dearth rate for a given
population.
___ 2. a process in which an increasing proportion of a total population becomes
concentrated in urban settlements.
___ 3. a set of major changes in birth and death rates that has occurred most completely
in urban industrial nations in the past 200 years.
___ 4. a complex of cities distributed along a major axis of traffic and communication,
with a total population exceeding 25 million.
___ 5. the number of births occurring during a year in a given population, divided by the
midyear population.
___ 6. a central city surrounded by a number of smaller cities and suburbs that are closely
related to it both socially and economically.
___ 7. the number of deaths occurring during a year in a given population, divided by the
midyear population.
3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.
1. According to the United Nations projections, by 2025 the Earth’s population may be:
a. about the same as the current figure
b. almost 9 billion
c. about 2 trillion
d. drastically reduced
2. The number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the
midyear population is the:
a. crude birthrate
b. rate of reproductive change
c. demographic transition
d. basic demographic equation
3. The first stage of the demographic transition consists of a (an):
a. increase in death rates
b. increase in birthrates
c. decrease in death rates
d. decrease in birthrates
4. Which of the following is not a factor of demographic transition?
a. higher age at marriage
b. fewer couples marrying
c. use of birth-control techniques
d. urban-rural migration
5. The so-called urban revolution began:
a. in the 16th century
b. at about the same time as the shift to agriculture
c. around 1800
d. after World War II
6. An urban society is characterized by:
a. expanding settlements
b. a mass culture
c. urban influence on rural areas
d. all of the above
7. The model of urban growth developed by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess was the:
a. concentric-zone model
b. satellite model
c. strip development model
d. none of the above
8. In which of the following does the town center eventually disappear?
a. the concentric-zone model
b. the strip development model
c. satellite cities
d. the megalopolitan approach
9. The term megalopolis is used to describe an urban system characterized by:
a. multiple nuclei
b. a population over 25 million
c. a network of interdependent communities
d. all of the above
10. An important effect of the growth of the megalopolitan areas is:
a. an increasingly homogenous population
b. more efficient public utilities
c. decentralization of business and industry
d. the demise of central cities
11. Subcultural theory holds that:
a. urbanization leads to a decline of community
b. urban life creates a “psychic overload”
c. the city is a “mosaic of social worlds”
d. rural life is much more pleasant than urban life
12. Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Social change is less noticeable in cities than in rural areas.
b. Urban renewal has given way to the concept of “redevelopment”, which does not
involve the destruction of entire neighborhoods.
c. A “defended neighborhood” is a territory that a group of people are willing to
defend against “invasion” by outsiders.
d. A frequent source of intergroup conflict in American cities has been racial
tension.
4. TRUE or FALSE:
T/F 1. The demographic transition is the difference between the crude birthrate and the
crude death rate for a given population.
T/F 2. Large-scale urbanization is a relatively recent development in human history.
T/F 3. One effect of the growth of megalopolitan areas is decentralization, in which
outlying areas become more important relative to the central city.
PART 2
THE FAMILY
1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:
a year
empty nest
same-sex
adult roles
roughly equal
extended family
nuclear family
family values
role relations
extended family
female-headed
social institutions
marital instability
family backgrounds
stratification system
family of procreation
family role relations
family of orientation
Age at marriage
cohabitation before marriage
family
teens
social
kinship
conflict
unmarried
conflict
higher
arranged
racial
nonfamily
exchange
religious
poverty
twenties
children
thirties
divorce
deprivation
institutions
structural
stepfamilies
emotional
childbearing
individuality
childbearing
pregnancy
parenting
formation
bargaining
socialization
dissolution
endogamy
exogamy
homogamy
psychological
interdependent
Functionalist
In all known societies almost everyone is socialized within a network of family rights and
obligations that are known as _____________________. In simple societies the family
performs a large number of other functions as well, but in modern societies most of the
functions that were traditionally performed by the family are performed partly or entirely
but other _____________________.
A _____________________ is a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption
and the role relations among family members are known as _____________________
relations. The smallest unit of family structure is the _____________________,
consisting of two or more people related by consanguineous ties or by adoption who
share a household. The nuclear family into which one is born and socialized is the
_____________________, and the nuclear family one forms through marriage or
cohabitation is the _____________________. An _____________________ includes an
individual’s nuclear family plus all the nuclear families of his or her blood relatives.
Since the 1940s there has been a dramatic increase in _____________________ singleparent families and in _________________ households, as well as in the numbers of
women and men living alone and in the number of _____________________,
_____________________ couples. The economy exerts extremely strong influences on
the family and can produce drastic changes in the number of families that experience
_____________________ and _____________________. These changes are often
complicated by divorce, remarriage and the combining of children of different marriages
in _____________________.
The typical stages of the family life cycle are family _____________________, start of
_____________________, end of _____________________, _____________________
and family _____________________ (i.e. the death of one spouse). As it passes through
this cycle, every family experiences changes in its system of _____________________.
The _____________________ context within which family life occurs can affect family
interactions in a variety of ways. Problems may arise in connection with the demands
placed on the family by _____________________ of the larger society, or as a result of
its position in the society’s _____________________. A basic contradiction that is
inherent in the institution of the family is the need to maintain the
_____________________ of each member while providing love and support for him or
her within a set of _____________________ relationships. From a
_____________________ perspective, changes in the family as an institution cannot
occur without _____________________ both within the family and between the family
and other institutions. Such conflict is illustrated by public debates over family policies
and “_____________________”.
_____________________ theorists have called attention to the loss of family functions
that occurs as other social institutions assume functions that were previously reserved for
the family. At the same time, they note that modern families play a vital part in earlychildhood _____________________, in the _____________________ lives of their
members, and in preparing older children for _____________________.
In all cultures, the process of mate selection is carried out according to basic rules of
_____________________ and _____________________. In many societies the
customary pattern of mate selection is the _____________________ marriage, in which
the families of the bride and groom negotiate the marriage contract. All cultures also have
norms that specify whether a person brought up in that culture may marry within or
outside the cultural group. Marriage within the group is termed
_____________________;
marriage
outside
the
group
is
termed
_____________________. In societies in which marriages are based on attraction and
love, individuals tend to marry people similar to themselves in social background, a
tendency that is termed _____________________. This tendency generally helps
maintain the separateness of _____________________ and _____________________
group.
It appears that people who fall in love tend to be alike in _____________________
characteristics but different in their _____________________ needs; however, this is not
always the case. There is also considerable evidence that love relationships are more
lasting when the partners’ affection for each other is _____________________. In the
United States and other Western societies, the rate of _____________________ has risen
sharply since World War II. In the 1980s it was widely believed that the practice of
_____________________ would result in greater marital stability, but in fact the divorce
rate among couples who lived together before marriage is _____________________ than
the rate for couples who have not done so.
_____________________ has been found to be one of the leading factors in divorce.
Marriages that take place when the woman is in her _____________________ or in her
_____________________ are much more likely to end in divorce than marriages that
take place when the woman is in her _____________________. Among other factors that
have been found to be correlated with divorce are marked differences in the
_____________________ of the spouses, dependence on either spouse’s extended
family, and early _____________________. Studies of the impact of divorce have found
that the turmoil and stress of divorce may continue for _____________________ or
more. Both men and women have a diminished capacity for _____________________
after divorce ad may come to depend on their _____________________ to help them
cope with the demands of their own lives.
2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the
appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
double standard
family
kinship
nuclear family
family of orientation
family of procreation
extended family
endogamy
exogamy
homogamy
___ 1. a norm specifying that a person brought up in a particular culture may marry
within the cultural group.
___ 2. the role relations among people who consider themselves to be related by blood,
marriage or adoption.
___ 3. the nuclear family that a person forms through marriage or cohabitation.
___ 4. the tendency to marry a person who is similar to oneself in social background.
___ 5. an individual’s nuclear family plus the nuclear families of his or her blood
relatives.
___ 6. a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption.
___ 7. two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption.
___ 8. the nuclear family in which a person is born and raised.
___ 9. a norm specifying that a person brought up in a particular culture may marry
outside the cultural group.
___ 10. the belief that women must adhere to a different and more restrictive moral code
than that applied to men.
3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.
1. In peasant and primitive societies the family typically:
a. engages in warfare and feuds.
b. is submerged in the tribe or village social structure.
c. performs any of the tasks now performed by other social institutions.
d. is weakened by diseases and poverty.
2. Which of the following is not a function of the family in modern societies?
a. social control of reproduction
b. socialization of new generations
c. “social placement” of children in other institutions
d. production of goods and services
3. Two sisters and a niece living together would be an example of a:
a. traditional family
b. nuclear family
c. fictive family
d. reconstituted family
4. The family into which one is born and socialized is one’s:
a. family of orientation
b. family of procreation
c. original family
d. extended family
5. In recent years the median age of Europeans at first marriage has:
a. risen
b. decreased
c. fallen dramatically
d. remained the same
6. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The functionalist perspective views changes in family roles as resulting from
changes in other institutions.
b. The conflict perspective asks how conditions of inequality and class conflict
affect families.
c. The interactionist perspective focuses on sources of tension within the family.
d. all of the above
7. In all cultures the process of mate selection is carried out according to rules of:
a. The functionalist perspective views changes in family roles as resulting from
changes in other institutions.
b. The conflict perspective asks how conditions of inequality and class conflict
affect families.
c. The interactionist perspective focuses on sources of tension within the family.
d. all of the above
8. Throughout the world, sociologists find that marriages tend toward:
a. exogamy
b. endogamy
c. polygamy
d. homogamy
9. Homogamy in mate selection tends to:
a. maintain the society’s social-class system
b. maintain the separateness of religious groups
c. discourage interracial marriages
d. all of the above
10. According to the theory of complementary needs, people who fall in love tend to
differ in their:
a. education
b. income
c. psychological needs
d. family background
11. In recent years, the divorce rate has:
a. accelerated dramatically
b. decreased slightly
c. fallen rapidly
d. remained the same
12. Which of the following had not been found to be correlated with marital instability
and divorce?
a. The couple met “on the rebound”.
b. The couple married after an engagement of less than three years.
c. The family backgrounds of the spouses were markedly different.
d. The wife became pregnant within the first year of marriage.
4. TRUE or FALSE:
T/F 1. A major function of the family is the “social placement” of children in the
institutions of the larger society.
T/F 2. The nuclear family one forms through marriage or cohabitation is one’s family of
orientation.
T/F 3. Sociologists have found that adolescents want the continuing guidance and
involvement of adults.
T/F 4. Marriages have a higher probability of lasting when there is equality of roles
within the household.