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Transcript
1 Timeline of Rome Important events EMPERORS or claimants EMPERORS (Wars) Shows duration of wars BC 1000 Villanovans enter Italy 900 Etruscans enter Italy 814 Carthage founded 752 Latins move into Italy 753 Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus 753-715 reign of Romulus First king 734 Syracuse founded 707 Tarentum founded 715-673 reign of Numa Pompilius Second king: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly officials 673-642 reign of Tullus Hostilius Third king 667 Battle between Horatii and Curiatii 665 Alba Longa destroyed 642-616 reign of Ancus Marcius Fourth king 616-579 reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Fifth king c.600 Forum laid out 578-534 reign of Servius Tullius Sixth king defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium first census 540 Etruscans defeat Greeks at Alalia 534-509 reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, Seventh king and the last. 509 Treaty between Rome and Carthage 509 Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus First Plebeian (commoner) senators appointed (conscripti) to fill vacancies created by the overthrow of the monarchy possible siege of Rome : Roman-Etruscan Wars Battle of Silva Arsia – Romans defeated Tarquinii and Veii Temple of Jupiter on Capitol, is dedicated. 508 The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) created when these powers are stripped from the consuls possible second siege of Rome by Etruscans : Roman-Etruscan Wars 504 Consul Publius Valerius Publicola grants due process rights to all Roman citizens, Criminalizes all future attempts to plot to seize a tyranny. 502 Battle of Pometia – Latins won over the Romans, one of the consuls badly wounded by a spear that penetrated through his groin. 501 Offices of Roman Dictator and Master of the Horse created... 498 Temple of Saturn built 498-93 (Latin War) 5 years 496 (Latin War) Battle of Lake Regillus - Rome defeats Leono and Phippy the Etruscan-led Latin League 495 Battle of Aricia – consul Publius Servilius Priscus defeats the Aurunci. 494 First Secession of the Plebs, two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time 492 Rome joins Latin League 491 Coriolanus leads army against Rome 490 Marathon in Greece 482 Battle of Antium – the Volscians defeat consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus. 482 Battle of Longula – consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volscians the day after his defeat in the Battle of Antium. 480 Battle of Veii – consuls Vibulanus and Cincinnatus win heavy battle against Veians and their Etruscan allies. 480 Salamis in Greece 477 Battle of the Cremera – All the Fabii except Quintus Fabius Vibulanus are killed in battle with the Veians 477 Battle of Temple of Hope – consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus fights indecisive battle with the Etruscans 477 Battle of Colline Gate – consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus has indecisive victory over the Etruscans soon after the Battle of Temple of Hope 474 Naval Battle of Cumae – Hiero of Syracuse defeats Etruscans. 471 Plebeians allowed to organize by tribe, reorganization of Plebeian Council from Curia to Tribe. 459 The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes 458 Cincinnatus dictator 458 Battle of Mons Algidus – Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi 451-50 The Decemvirs council of ten 449 Plebeian Council resolutions ("plebiscites") given full force of law over Plebeians and Patricians, but still subject to Senate veto Twelve Tables of Roman law 447 Tribal Assembly created: two quaestors elected for the first time 446 Battle of Corbione – Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to defeat the Aequi and the Volsci. 445 Marriage between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners) allowed 443 The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribunes with consular powers, for this year. Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced. 421 Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians 408 Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate . c. 400 Gauls settle Po valley 396 Rome captures and sacks Veii 2 Roman soldiers earn their first salary 394 Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate. 391 Camillus charged with taking booty from Veii for himself and banished to Ardea. 391 Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul. 390 July 18- Battle of Allia River – Gauls defeat the Romans, sack Rome. 384 Manilius executed 378 Servian Walls 375-371 Anarchy years: no magistrates elected 367 Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate for last time. 366 Plebeian Consuls allowed to be elected. By this, Plebeians acquire de facto right to be elected Censor or appointed Dictator. Plebeians allow the Patricians to create the offices of Praetor and Curule Aedile, and allow only Patricians to run for these offices. 365 Death of Camillus 354 Latin League established under Roman domination 351 Elected : first non-patrician Dictator 351 Elected : first non-patrician censor 348 Second treaty between Rome and Carthage 345 Subjugation of Aurunci 343-1 (First Samnite War) 343 (First Samnite) Rome captures Campania and Capua : First Samnite War 342 (First Samnite) Battle of Mount Gaurus. Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites. Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election Second law passed, disallowing any man from holding two offices at once. 341 (First Samnite) Battle of Suessula – Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites once more. 341 Battle of Veseris - Roman victory but Decius killed 341 (First Samnite) Rome withdraws from the conflict with the Samnites. End of First Samnite War. 340-38 (Latin War) 2 years 340 (Latin War) Latin League pushes for ind ependence 340 (Latin War) Battle of Sinnuessa 339 (Latin War) Battle of Vesuvius – Romans under P. Decius Mus and T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeat the rebellious Latins. 339 Law passed (the lex Publilia) which requires the election of one Plebeian censor for each five year term. 338 Battle at Pedum - Roman victory 338 (Latin War) Battle of Trifanum –Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus decisively defeats the Latins. 338 (Latin War) Latin League dissolved and Rome controls territory : Latin War Ends. 338 Capua legal equality with Rome 337 Elected the first non-patrician Praetor (Q. Publilius Philo). 334 Alexander the Great invades Persia 328 Roman occupation of Fregallae 326-04 (Second Samnite War) 22 years 326 (Second Samnite) War begin, Samnites attack Campagnia 323 Death of Alexander the Great 321 (Second Samnite) Battle of Caudine Forks – Romans under Albinus and Calvinus are defeated by Samnites under Gaius Pontius. 316 (Second Samnite) Battle of Lautulae – Romans are defeated by the Samnites. 312 Via Appia built, first aqueduct built 311 Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome. 310 Agathocles of Syracuse invades Africa 310 Battle of Lake Vadimo – Romans, led by dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor, defeat the Etruscans. 309 Vadimonian Lake - Lucius Papirius defeats Samnites 308 Fabius Maximus defeats Etruscans 308 (Second Samnite) war escalates as Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join against Rome. 306 Battle of Mevania – Roman Victory 306 The Hernici revolt against Rome. 306 Third treaty between Rome and Carthage 305 (Second Samnite) Battle of Bovianum - Samnite capitol taken 304 Aequi defeated. (Second Samnite) Rome conquers Central and Southern Italy (Second Samnite) Peace treaty, War ends 300 Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians 298-90 (Third Samnite War) 8 years 298 (Third Samnite) Battle of Camerinum – Samnites defeat the Romans in first battle of the War. 298 (Third Samnite) Rome captures Samnite cities Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena. 297 (Third Samnite) Battle of Tifernum – Romans defeat the Samnite army 295 (Third Samnite) Battle of Sentinum - Romans defeat Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies 294 (Third Samnite) Samnite victory at Luceria 293 (Third Samnite) Battle of Aquilonia - Romans decisively defeat the Samnites. 291 (Third Samnite) Romans storm the Samnite city of Venusia. 290 (Third Samnite) Rome dominates Italian Peninsula : War ends. 287 Last Plebeian Secession Lex Hortensia ends Senate veto power over Plebeian Council Conflict of the Orders ends. 3 285-282 Struggles with the Celts 285 Battle of Arretium – A Roman army under Lucius Caecilius is destroyed by the Gauls 283 Battle of Lake Vadimo – Rome defeats the Etruscans and the Boii 282 Battle of Populonia – Etruscan resistance to Roman domination of Italy is finally crushed. 281 Mounting tensions between Rome and Tarentum. Tarentum appeals to Pyrrhus of Epirus for aid 280-272 (Pyrrhic War) 8 yrs 280 (Pyrrhic War) begins, Pyrrhus lands army in Italy 280 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Heraclea – First engagement of Roman and Pyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost (Pyrrhic victory) 279 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Asculum– Pyrrhus again defeats the Romans. 279 (Pyrrhic War) Praeneste nearest town to Rome captured by Pyrrhus 279 (Pyrrhic War) Treaty between Carthage and Rome against Pyrrhus 278 Pyrrhus breaks Carthaginian investment of Syracuse 277-276 (Pyrrhic War) Pyrrhus unsuccessful siege of Lilybaeum 275 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Beneventum– Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius 272 (Pyrrhic War) Pyrrhus withdraws to Epirus (Pyrrhic War) Tarentum surrenders to Rome, War Ends, Pyrrhus dies in Greece. 268 First Roman silver coins. 267 Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6 264-241 (First Punic War) 23 years 264 Mamertines seek assistance from Rome to replace Carthage's protection against the attacks of Hiero II of Syracuse. 264 Earliest record of gladiatorial combats 263 Hiero II is defeated by consul Manius Valerius Messalla and is forced to change allegiance to Rome 262 (First Punic) Roman intervention in Sicily. The city of Agrigentum, occupied by Carthage, is besieged. 261 (First Punic) Battle of Agrigentum – Carthaginian are defeated by the Romans, who control of most of Sicily. 260 (First Punic) Battle of the Lipari Islands – A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians (First Punic) Battle of Mylae – Roman naval force under C. Duillius defeats the Carthaginian fleet. 259 (First Punic) The land fighting is extended to Sardinia and Corsica. 258 (First Punic) Battle of Sulci – Minor Roman victory against the Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia 257 (First Punic) Battle of Tyndaris – Naval victory of Rome over Carthage 256 (First Punic) Battle of Cape Ecnomus – Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated (First Punic) Battle of Adys – Romans under Regulus defeat the Carthaginians in North Africa 255 (First Punic) Battle of Tunis – Carthaginians under Xanthippus, a Greek mercenary, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is captured. 255 (First Punic) Battle of Bagradas – Roman invasion of Africa defeated. 254 A new fleet of 140 Roman ships is constructed to substitute the one lost in the storm and a new army is levied. 253 (First Punic) Romans then pursued a policy of raiding the African coast east of Carthage. 251 (First Punic) Battle of Panormus – Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal are defeated by the Romans under L. Caecilius Metellus. 249 (First Punic) Battle of Drepana – Carthaginians under Adherbal defeat fleet of Roman admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher. 248 (First Punic) Beginning of a period of low intensity fighting in Sicily, without naval battles. This lull would last until 241 BC. 247 Hamilcar Barca appointed general in Sicily. His son Hannibal Barca is born. 242 Office of Praetor peregrinus created 241(First Punic) Battle of Lilybaeum 241 (First Punic) March 10 - Battle of the Aegates Islands – Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians, ending War 241 (First Punic) Sicily becomes first Roman province : First Punic War Ends 241-238 The Mercenaries’ Revolt against Carthage 237 Sardinia and Corsica become Roman Provinces in the "Truceless War" with Carthage 237-229 Hamilcar Barca establishes protectorate in Southern Spain 231 Alleged first Roman embassy to Hamilcar Barca 229-227 (First Illyrian War) 229 Adriatic Control : First Illyrian War begins. 229 Death of Hamilcar Barca, son-in–law Hasdrubal takes command in Spain 228 Romans invited to participate in Isthmian Games 227 Queen Teuta surrenders : First Illyrian War ends Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8 number of praetors raised from 2 to 4 227 Founding of Carthago Nova in Spain 226 The Ebro Treaty between Hasdrubal and Romans 225 Battle of Faesulae – Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy. 224 Battle of Telamon Rome defeats Gaul invasion : 222 Battle of Clastidium – Romans under Marcus Claudius Marcellus defeat the Gauls. 221 Circus Flaminius is built 221Hasdrubal’s murder, Hannibal takes over 220 Hannibal and Roman envoys meet at New Carthage 220 Via Flaminia is constructed 220-219 (Second Illyrian War) 219 Hannibal besieges Saguntum 218-201 (Second Punic War) 17 years 218 (Second Punic) Summer – Battle of Lilybaeum – First naval clash between Carthage and Rome during War. (Second Punic) Aug - Hannibal conquered Catalonia. (Second Punic) Sep- Hannibal defeated the Gaul Volcae tribe in the Battle of Rhone Crossing. 4 (Second Punic) Oct - Hannibal's army defeated Gauls in two battles while crossing the Alps. (Second Punic) Fall – Battle of Cissa – Romans defeat Carthaginians near Tarraco. (Second Punic) Nov 8 Hannibal and army finishes crossing of alps and decends into Italy (Second Punic) Nov – Battle of the Ticinus – Hannibal defeats Romans under Scipio the elder in a cavalry fight. (Second Punic) 18 Dec – Battle of Trebia – Hannibal defeats Romans under Tiberius Sempronius Longus. 217 Fabius Maximus becomes dictator (Second Punic) Spring – Battle of Ebro River – Romans defeat and capture the Carthaginian fleet in Hispania. (Second Punic) 21 June – Battle of Lake Trasimene – In ambush, Hannibal destroys Roman army of Gaius Flaminius. (Second Punic) Summer – Battle of Ager Falernus –Hannibal escapes Fabius' trap in this small skirmish. (Second Punic) Battle of Geronium 216 (Second Punic) Aug 2 - Battle of Cannae - Hannibal defeats Roman forces : (Second Punic) First Battle of Nola – Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus holds off an attack by Hannibal. (Second Punic) Capua defects to Hannibal 215 (Second Punic) Second Battle of Nola – Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal. (Second Punic) A Roman fleet under Titus Otacilius Crassus defeated a Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia. (Second Punic) Battle of Dertos - Hasdrubal Barca is defeated by the Scipio brothers (Second Punic) Battle of Cornus – Roman victory Alliance of Hannibal with Philip V of Macedonia 214 (Second Punic) Third Battle of Nola – Marcellus fights an inconclusive battle with Hannibal. (Second Punic) Battle of Beneventum - Tiberius Gracchus' slave legions defeat Hanno (son of Bomlicar) (Second Punic) The Siege of Syracuse begins. (Second Punic) Syracuse allies with Carthage 214-205 (First Macedonian War) 9 years 213 (Second Punic) Syracuse besieged by Roman Army under command of Marcellus 212 (Second Punic) First Battle of Capua – Hannibal defeats consuls Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius, but Roman army escapes (Second Punic) Battle of the Silarus – Hannibal destroys the army of the Roman praetor M. Centenius Penula. (Second Punic) Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius. (Second Punic) Siege of Syracuse – Romans sack city. Archimedes slain. (Second Punic) Defection of Tarentum, Locri, Thurii and Metapontum to Hannibal Roman alliance with Aetolian league 211 (Second Punic) Battle of Upper Baetis – Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio are killed in battle with Hasdrubal Barca (Second Punic) Second Battle of Capua – City surrenders to Romans (Second Punic War) Hannibal marches on Rome sits outside walls. (Second Punic) Death of Scipios in Spain 210 (Second Punic) Second Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Fulvius Centumalus, who is killed (Second Punic) Battle of Numistro – Hannibal defeats Marcellus once more (Second Punic) Battle of Sapriportis - Tarentine Greek navy defeated a Roman squadron. (Second Punic) Scipio the Elder takes command in Spain 209 (Second Punic) Battle of Asculum – Hannibal once again defeats Marcellus, in an indecisive battle (First Macedonian War) First Battle of Lamia – Romans defeated by Philip V of Macedon (First Macedonian War) Second Battle of Lamia – Romans defeated by Philip V once more (Second Punic) Fabius captures Tarentum (Second Punic) Scipio Africanus captured New Carthage 208 Death of Marcellus (Second Punic) Battle of Baecula – Scipio defeats Hasdrubal (Second Punic) Battle of Clupea - The Carthaginian navy is defeated in a battle off the African coast. Hasdrubal leaves with an army for Italy 207 (Second Punic) Battle of Grumentum –Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal (Second Punic) Battle of the Metaurus – Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army. (Second Punic) Battle of Carmona – Romans under Scipio besiege Carmona and take it from Hasdrubal Gisco (Second Punic) Naval Battle of Utica - A Carthaginian fleet of 70 ships is defeated by a Roman fleet of 100 ships near Utica. 206 (Second Punic) Hannibal trapped in Bruttium (Second Punic) Battle of Ilipa – Scipio again decisively defeats the remaining Carthaginian forces in Hispania. (Second Punic) Gades surrenders to Romans (Second Punic) Numidian king Syphax allies himself with Cathage. (Second Punic) Battle of the Guadalquivir – Romans defeats a Carthaginian army under Hannón at Guadalquivir. (Second Punic) Battle of Carteia – Roman fleet under Gaius Laelius defeats a Carthaginian fleet under Adherbal 205 Scipio Africanus consul (First Macedonian War) Philip V of Macedon makes peace with Rome 204 (Second Punic) Battle of Crotona – Hannibal fights a drawn battle against the Roman general Sempronius in Southern Italy. 204-202 (Second Punic) Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa, 204 (Second Punic) Destruction of the Carthaginian and Numidian camps near Utica. (Second Punic) Syphax killed and Masinissa becomes king of Numidia (Second Punic) Hannibal recalled 203 (Second Punic) Battle of Bagbrades – Romans under Scipio defeat Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax. Hannibal return to Africa. (Second Punic) Battle of Castra Cornelia - Carthaginian fleet under plunders Roman supply convoy. 202 (Second Punic) Oct 19 Battle of Zama – ending the Second Punic War 202-191 Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul 5 200-197 (Second Macedonian War) 200 Battle of Cremona – Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul 198 (Second Macedonian War) Battle of the Aous – Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians under Philip V 197 (Second Macedonian War) Battle of Cynoscephalae –Romans defeat Philip in Thessaly 197 Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12 number of praetors raised from 4 to 6 196 Declaration of independence for Greek states by Flamininus 196 Hannibal elected Suffete 195 Hannibal exiled to eastern Mediterranean 194 Battle of Placentia – Roman victory over the Boian Gauls Battle of Gythium – With some Roman assistance, Philopoemen of the Achaean League defeats the Spartans under Nabis 193 Battle of Mutina – Roman victory over the Boii, decisively ending the Boian threat. 192-188 (Roman–Syrian War) 4 years 191-189 Revolt in Spain 191–189 (Aetolian War) 2 years - Romans fight Aetolian League 191 (Roman–Syrian War) Battle of Thermopylae – Romans defeat Antiochus III 190 (Roman–Syrian War) Battle of the Eurymedon – Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded by Hannibal. (Roman–Syrian War) Battle of Myonessus – Another Seleucid fleet is defeated by the Romans (Roman–Syrian War) Dec - Battle of Magnesia –Romans defeat Antiochus III the Great. 189 Battle of Mount Olympus – Romans deliver a crushing defeat to an army of Galatian Gauls Battle of Ancyra – Gnaeus Manlius Vulso and Attalus II defeat the Galatian Gauls again before Ancyra 188 (Roman–Syrian War) Peace of Apamea ends war 184 Cato the Elder becomes censor 184 Rome rejects Cathage’s appeal against Numidia 183 Suicide of Hannibal in Bithynia 182 Rome rejects another Carthaginian appeal against Numidia 181 Battle of Manlian Pass – Romans under Fulvius Flaccus defeat an army of Celtiberians. 180 Lex Villia annalis: minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices, established an interval of two years between offices 172-167 (Third Macedonian War) 5 years 171 (Third Macedonian War) Battle of Callicinus – Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus. 168 (Third Macedonian War) June 22 - Battle of Pydna – Romans defeat and capture Perseus, ending War 167 Taxation of Roman citizens is abolished. Taxation now falls only upon allies, Italians and Latins. 162 Masinissa seizes Cathage’s territory, Rome rejects appeals 154-138 (Lusitanian War) Roman conquest south of Lusitania 153 Roman embassy to Carthage 151 Carthaginian debt to Rome fully repaid 149-146 (Third Punic War) 3 years 149-148 (Fourth Macedonian War) 149 Permanent extortion court established : Lex Calpurnia 148 Second battle of Pydna –Macedonian pretender Andriscus defeated by the Romans 146 (Third Punic) Battle of Carthage ends: Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage, ending the Third Punic War Battle of Corinth – Romans defeat Achaean League. Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes under direct Roman rule. annexation : Macedonia and Africa : provinces 144 Gaius Marius governor of Lusitania 135-2 (First Servile War) in Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and Cleon from Cilicia 134 Caius Fulvius Flaccus, as consul, sent against slaves. 134 Marius military tribune 133 seizure of Numantia 133 Attalos III of Pergamum bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. 133 Tribune Tiberius Gracchus secures agrarian reform and is murdered 129 Pergamum becomes Roman province 1252Abortice bill to enfranchise Latins and Italians of Flaccus 123-22 Gaius Gracchus tribune 121 Gaius Gracchus outlawed and suicide 121 Rome acquires Transalpine Gaul province (south of modern France) Safe land route to Hispania Senatus consultum de re publica defenda approved to pacify tribune Gaius Gracchus 120 Plebian Tribunate of Gaius Marius 116 Marius Praetor 114 Marius propraetor, governor in Hispania Ulterior 113 Battle of Noreia in Carinthia – Germans defeat Romans 112 Jughurta of Numidia attacks in Numidia : 111-105 (Jugurthine War) 6 years 109 Battle of the Rhone River – Roman force under Marcus Junius Silanus are defeated by the Helvetii 108 (Jugurthine War) Battle of the Muthul – Roman forces under Caecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia 107 Battle of Burdigala – Roman forces under Lucius Cassius Longinus are defeated by the Helvetii 107 Gaius Marius elected consul first time Marian reforms of the Roman Legions put into effect. 6 107-05 Sulla Quaestor and pro quaestore to Gaius Marius in the war with Jugurtha in Numidia 106 Gaius Marius re-elected consul in absentia, to continue the Jugurthine War 105 (Jugurthine War) Jughurta captured : Jugurthine War ends 105 Servilius Caepio steals Tolosa Gold 105 Oct 6 - Battle of Arausio – Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus 104-100 Second Servile War in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon 104-100 Gaius Marius elected consul for five years in a row 104 Marian army reforms 102 Battle of Aquae Sextiae - Gaius Marius Consular armies defeat Teutons : 101 Battle of Vercellae – Romans under Gaius Marius defeat the Cimbri, who are entirely annihilated. 100 Gaius Marius re-elected consul for 6th term Lucius Appuleius Saturninus political scandal forces Gaius Marius to retire from public life. July 12 – Birth of Julius Caesar 99 Marius in Asia 98 Mithridates invades Cappadocia 97 Sulla Praetor urbanus 97 Quintus Sertorius military tribune in Iveria 96 Sulla Commander of Cilicia province pro-consul 91 Murder of Tribune Livius Drusus sparks war. 91-88 (Social War), the last rebellion of the Italian nations against Rome 91 Mithradates invades Cappadocia again 90 Engranchisement of Italy south of the Po 89 (Social War) Battle of Fucine Lake – Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels in the Social War (Social War) Battle of Asculum – Strabo decisively defeats the rebels (Social War) Sulla captures Aeclanum 88 The Ephesian Vespers, murder of 80,000 romans in Asia Minor 88 Sulla invades Rome, Marius flees to Africa 88-84 (First Mithridatic War) against Mithridates VI of Pontus 87 Sulla command of Roman armies to fight King Mithridates of Pontus 86 Seventh consulship of Marius, captures Rome Jan 13 – Marius dies (First Mithridatic War) Battle of Chaeronea –Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus Sulla sacks Athens, 85 (First Mithridatic War) Battle of Orchomenus – Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive battle of the War. 84 (First Mithridatic War) Peace of Dardanus ends war. 84 Sulla reorganization of Asia province 83-82 (First Roman civil war) between Sulla and the popular faction 83 Sulla lands in Italy, Pompey and Crassus join Sulla 83 Battle of Mount Tifata – Sulla defeats the popular forces of Caius Norbanus 83-82 (Second Mithridatic War) 82-72 Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania 82 (First Roman civil war) Battle of Asio River – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats a Populare army under Gaius Carrinas. (First Roman civil war) Battle of Sacriporto –Sulla defeats Gaius Marius the Younger. (First Roman civil war) First Battle of Clusium –Sulla vs Carbo, Populare victory. (First Roman civil war) Battle of Faventia – Optimate victory. (First Roman civil war) Battle of Fidentia – Optimate victory. (First Roman civil war) Second Battle of Clusium – Pompey defeats Gaius Carrinas and Gaius Marcius Censorinus. (First Roman civil war) Nov - Battle of Colline Gate – Sulla defeats Samnites allied to popular party in the decisive battle of War. 82-79 Sulla dictator, restores power to senate and improves judicial system 81 Pompey sent against Marians in Sicily and Africa 80 Sertorius established Marian government in exile in Iberia 80 Cicero defends Sextus Roscius on the charge of parricide. 80 Battle of the Baetis River – Rebel forces under Sertorius defeat Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania. 79 Sulla Retires 78 Death of Sulla 75 Cicero is quaestor 75 Caesar captured by pirates 74-64 (Third Mithridatic War), eventually won by Pompey 74 Bithynia and Cyrene become Roman provinces, Verres is governor of Sicily 73 (Third Mithridatic War) Battle of Cyzicus – Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus 73-71 (Spartacus War) Third Servile War 73 (Spartacus) Spring Gladiators escape Capua, occupy Mt. Vesuvius (Spartacus) Summer Caius Cladius Glaber sent against slaves (Spartacus) Autumn Defeat of Glaber, Defeats of Varinius (Spartacus) Winter Slave army moves to Lucania, Crixus splits from Spartacus Sertorius asssassinated 72 (Third Mithridatic War) Battle of Cabira or the Rhyndacus – Lucullus defeats the retreating forces of Mithridates Winter-Spring Pompey caputres Perperna and ends revolt in Spain 7 (Spartacus) Battle of Picenum –Spartacus defeat a Roman army (Spartacus) Battle of Mutina I – Spartacus defeat another army of Romans. (Spartacus) Spring - Battle of Mount Garganus – Crixus’ army distroyed by Lucius Gellius Publicola (Spartacus) Autumn - Spartacus withdraws to Bruttium (Spartacus) Winter - Crassus traps Spartacus in toe of Italy Antonius defeated by pirates on Crete 71 Jan (Spartacus) Spartacus negotiates with pirates, tries to cross strait of Messina Feb (Spartacus) Spartacus breaks out of Crassus trap (Spartacus) Battle of Campania – Spartacus defeat a Roman army. (Spartacus) April Battle of the Silarus River – Crassus defeats Spartacus. May (Spartacus) Crassus crucifies 6,000 rebels 71 Nicopolis - Mithridates defeated, flees to Armenia 70 Consuls Pompey and Crassus 70 Cicero prosecutes Verres 69 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of Tigranocerta – Lucullus invades Armenia 69 Caesar elected quaestor 68 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of Artaxata – Lucullus again defeats Tigranes. 68 Lucullus’ soldiers mutiny 68-67 Metellus suppresses Cretan pirates and makes Crete roman province 67 Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates 67 (Third Mithridatic War) Battle of Zela – Mithridates defeats Romans 67 Caesar marries Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla 66 Cicero is Praetor 66 Pompey replaces Lucullus 66 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of the Lycus – Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending War 64 Pompey conquers Syria, reorganizes the East 63 Fall of Jerusalem consulship of Cicero; Catiline conspiracies Death of Mithridates 62 Jan Battle of Pistoria –Catiline are defeated and killed 62 Bona Dea scandal 61 Pompey returns to Rome and has third triumph 61 Ceasar governor of Hispania Ulterior, vicory against Lusitani 60 First triumvirate formed 60 Octavius wipes out last remnants of Spartacus’s followers 59 First consulate of Caesar 58 The tribunate of Clodius, Cicero exiled. 58-51 (Gallic Wars) 58 (Gallic Wars) June – Battle of the Arar (Saône) – Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii (Gallic Wars) July – Battle of Bibracte – Caesar again defeats the Helvetians, this time decisively. (Gallic Wars) Sep – Caesar decisively defeats the forces of the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus near modern Belfort 57 (Gallic Wars) Battle of the Axona (Aisne) – Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of Suessiones. (Gallic Wars) Battle of the Sabis (Sambre) – Caesar defeats the Nervii. (Gallic Wars) Battle of Octodurus (Martigny) – Servius Galba defeats the Seduni and Veragri. 56 Attack on Morbihan 57-56 Gang violence of Clodius 56 Triumvirate held a conference at Luca c.55 Pompey’s theater built 55 consuls are Pompey and Crassus (Gallic Wars) Caesar bridges the Rhine, raid Germany. (Gallic Wars) Caesar lands on Britain. 54 Death of Julia daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompey. 53 Battle of Carrhae – Crassus is disastrously defeated and killed by Parthians. 53 Siege of Bourges 52 Dec 6 - Death of Clodius, Pompey sole consul. 52 Sep - Battle of Gergovia 52 Winter - Battle of Avaricum 52 (Gallic Wars) Sep - Battle of Alesia 49-46 (Second Civil War) Caesar vs Pompey 49 Jan 7 – Senate issues ultimatum against Caesar 49 (Second Civil War) Jan 10 - Caesar crosses the Rubicon (alea iacta est) and begins the Second Roman civil war (Second Civil War) Feb, Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate (Second Civil War) March 9, Caesar's advance against Pompeian forces in Hispania (Second Civil War) Apr 19 - Sep 6, Caesar's siege of Massilia (Second Civil War) June, Caesar's arrival in Hispania. (Second Civil War) June Battle of Ilerda – Caesar's army surround Pompeian forces and cause them to surrender. (Second Civil War) July 30, Caesar surrounded Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda (Second Civil War) Aug 2, Pompeians in Ilerda surrendered to Caesar 8 (Second Civil War) Aug 24 – Battle of the Bagradas River – Caesar's general Gaius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians (Second Civil War) Sep 6 - Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Hispania (Second Civil War) Oct - Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome; presides over his own election as consul and resigns after eleven days 48-45 (Second Civil War) Caesar pursues and defeats the Optimates in Greece and Africa 48 (Second Civil War) Jan 4 - Caesar landed at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo) (Second Civil War) March, Antony joined Caesar (Second Civil War) July 10 - Battle of Dyrrhachium – Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia (Second Civil War) Aug 9 - Battle of Pharsalus – Caesar decisively defeats Pompey, who flees to Egypt 48-47 (Alexandrian War) (Second Civil War) Sep 28, Caesar learned that Pompey was assassinated. (Second Civil War) Oct, Pharnaces, King of Bosporus defeated the Caesarian Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus in the Battle of Nicopolis (or Nikopol) (Second Civil War) Dec: Battle in Alexandria. 47 (Alexandrian War) Feb - Battle of the Nile – Caesar defeats the forces of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII • (Second Civil War) May – Battle of Zela – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus. said Veni, vidi, vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered.) • (Second Civil War) Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler. • (Second Civil War) Aug, Caesar quelled a mutiny of his veterans in Rome. • (Second Civil War) Oct, Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul 46 (Second Civil War) Jan 4 - Battle of Ruspina – Caesar loses perhaps as much as a third of his army to Titus Labienus • (Second Civil War) Feb 6 - Battle of Thapsus – Caesar defeats the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in North Africa. • Caesar returns to Rome and appointed dictator for 10 years • (Second Civil War) Nov: Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance. • Forum of Caesar 45 Jan 1: Julian calendar goes into effect • (Second Civil War) March 17 - Battle of Munda in Spain– In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces. • Oct - Caesar resigned his position as sole consul 44 Feb - Julius Caesar is named Dictator for life. • Feb 15 – Antony offered Caesar the royal diadem, rejected. • March 15 - Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March • Sep - Cicero’s Philippics, attacking Mark Antony delivered 44-42 (Third civil war) or Liberators' civil war - between assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Antony 43 (Third civil war) April 14 - Battle of Forum Gallorum – Antony defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed. (Third civil war), April 21 – Battle of Mutina II – Antony is again defeated in battle by Hirtius, who is killed. Nov 11 - Second triumvirate formed Dec 7 - Cicero killed 42 (Third civil war) Oct 3 First Battle of Philippi – Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Brutus and Cassius. (Third civil war) Oct 23 Second Battle of Philippi – Brutus and Cassius decisively defeated. 41 Battle of Perugia – Antony's brother Lucius Antonius and his wife Fulvia are defeated by Octavian. 41 Anthony meets Cleopatra at Taurus 40 Agreement of Brundisium, empire divided. 40 Herod becomes king of Judaea, client king of Rome 39 Pact of Misenum 38 Triumvirate renewed for five years. 38 Ventidius defeats Parthians 37 Pact of Tarentum, Antony gives fleet to Octavian to fight S. Pompey 37 Anthony marries Cleopatra at Antioch 37 Parthians invade Syria 36 Lepidus attempts rising and is striped of power 36 Antony's Parthian campaign ends in failure 36 Battle of Naulochus – Octavian's fleet, defeats Sextus Pompeius and recovers Sicily 34 Donations of Alexandria, Antony gives eastern territory to Cleopatria 32-30 (Fourth Civil War) 32 End of peaceful relations between Octavian and Antony 31Sep 2 (Fourth Civil War) Battle of Actium – Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece c. 30 Livy begins his history of Rome 30 Aug 1 – Antony’s armies desert to Octavian Aug 3 (Fourth Civil War) Capture of Alexandria Aug 12 - Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province 29 Carthage refounded as Roman colony 27 BC-AD 14 Augustus 41 years 27 Jan 13 - Octavian resigns consular powers. Jan 16 – Octavian given title of Augustus, End of Republic, beginning of the Roman Empire 27 Legions reduced to 28 and 100,000 to frontier colonies 27 Pantheon is built by Agrippa 28-24 Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis (see Cantabrian Wars) 23 July 1 – Augustus given tribunal powers 20 Parthians return legion standards 19 Augustus given consular power for life. 19 Vergil dies, Aeneid is published 9 19 Herod rebuilds temple 18 Laws governing morals 16-15 Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes 16 Clades Lolliana – The troops of Consul Marcus Lollius Paulinus are defeated by West Germanic warriors in Gaul. 12 Augustus made Pontifex Maximus 12-7 Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes 12 Drusus leads Roman fleet to attack loser Ems river 11 Romans advance along lippe and establish base 11 Battle of Lupia River –Drusus win a victory in Germany. 9 Drusus leads army to Elbe but dies in accident 6 Tiberius quarrels with Augustus, retires to Rhodes c.4 Birth of Christ 2 Forum of Augustus 1st century AD 5 Tiberius conquers Middle East 6 Judaea becomes a Roman province 6 Tiberius campaigns in Germania 6-9 Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus 9 Sep – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans 11 Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus 14-37 Tiberius 23 years 14 Aug 18 - Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor 14-15 Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes 16 Battle of the Weser River Legions under Germanicus defeat German tribes of Arminius 17 Cappadocius and Commagene and imperial province 25 Caesar Germanicus adopts his nephew Castor as his heir 27 Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy 28 The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes 29 Christ crucified 30 The fall of Sejanus 33-36 Jesus of Nazareth ministers, is crucified. 37-41 Caligula 4 years 37 Tiberius dies; Caligula becomes emperor 41-54 Claudius 13 years 41 Caligula assassinated, Claudius becomes emperor 42 Mauretania annexed 43 Roman invasion of Britain 43 Battle of the Medway – Claudius and general Aulus Plautius defeat a confederation of British Celtic tribes. 43 Lycia an imperial province 45-8 First journey of Paul 47 First revolt of Iceni in Britain suppressed 49-52 Second journey of Paul 49 Siege of Uspe – Roman auxiliaries under Julius Aquila and King Cotys besiege the rebel forces of Siraces and Mithridates 51 Battle of Caer Caradoc – British chieftain Caractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula. 54-68 Nero 14 years 54 Claudius is allegedly poisoned by his wife Agrippinilla. Her son Nero becomes emperor 54-8 Third journey of Paul 58-63 (Roman–Parthian War) over Armenia 58 (Roman–Parthian War) Sack of Artaxata by Corbulo 59 (Roman–Parthian War) Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo. 60-61(Iceni Revolt) Boudica, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion in Britain. 60-61 Paul journey to Rome 60 (Iceni Revolt) Battle of Camulodunum – Boudica capturing and then sacking Camulodunum (Colchester) then moves on Londinium (London). 61(Iceni Revolt) Battle of Watling Street –Boudica defeated by Suetonius Paullinus 62 (Roman–Parthian War)Battle of Rhandeia – Romans defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates of Parthia. 64 Great Fire of Rome, persecution of Christians, Paul executed, Peter crucified. 65 Death of Seneca and of Lucan 66-74 (First Jewish–Roman War) 66 (First Jewish–Roman War) Nov – Beth-Horon – rebels defeat romans 66 Nero refused entrance into Eleusinian Mysteries 67 (First Jewish–Roman War) Vespasian arrives in Caesaria and takes command 68 military coup leads to Nero's suicide– end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba, 68 (First Jewish–Roman War) Vespasian occupies Jericho and Emmaus (First Jewish–Roman War) Zealot Temple Siege in Jerusalem 68 - Year of four emperors. • Mar - Vindex rebels against Nero, attacks Lugdunum • Apr – Galba proclaimed emperor 10 • May - Vindex defeated at Vesontio • June 9 - Death of Nero 69 - Year of the Four Emperors: 1. Galba, 2. Otho 3. Vitellius 4. Vespasian • Jan 2 German legions proclaim their general Vitellius as emperor. • Jan 15 – Galba killed by the Praetorian Guard; in the same day, the senate recognizes Otho as emperor • Mar – Vitellius invades Italy • Apr 12 Otho holds council of war • April 14 – Battle of Bedriacum - Vitellius defeats Otho • Apr 16 Othos commits suicide • July 1 – Vespasian, commander of the Roman army in Judaea, proclaimed emperor by the legions of Egypt • July 3 – Judaean legions proclaim Vespasian emperor • July 17 Vitellius enters Rome • Aug – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in Syria) and invade Italy in September on his behalf • Oct – Vespasian occupies Egypt • Oct 24-25 Second Battle of Cremona, Vitellius defeated by armies of Vespasian • Dec 20 Vitellius killed • Dec 21 – Vespasian recognized emperor • Revolt of Julius Civilis and Julius Classicus, to create new Gallic Empire 69-79 VESPASIAN 10 years 69-70 Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis 70 (First Jewish–Roman War) Sep - Sack of Jerusalem 71-84 Pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland 71 Petilius Cerealis conquers Brigantes 74 (First Jewish–Roman War) spring - Battle of Masada 79-81 TITUS 79-84 Argicola campaigns in Caledonia 79 Titus becomes emperor Aug 24, An eruption of Vesuvius destroys much of Pompeii and Herculaneum Colosseum is dedicated 80 Rome partially destroyed by fire 81-96 DOMITIAN 15 years 81 Titus dies suddenly; his brother Domitian becomes emperor 82 Arch of Titus built 83 Domitian occupies the Rhine-Danube salient. 84 Battle of Mons Graupius. Romans under Agricola defeat Caledonians. 85 King Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia 87-88 Domitian's Dacian War (First Battle of Tapae) 87 Dacian King Decebalus crushes the Roman army at Tapae (today Transylvania, Romania), 88 Romans return and obtain a victory in the same battleground, but the offensive is halted and a peace treaty is concluded. 89 Rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia 90 Domitian agrees to pay annual ransom to Dacians 96-98 NERVA 96 Domitian assassinated– end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva, the first of the Five good emperors 97 Nerva adopts Trajan 98-117 TRAJAN 19 years 98 Tacitus’ Germania published. 101-102 (First Dacian War) 101 (First Dacian War) Second Battle of Tapae – Trajan defeats Decebalus, with heavy losses. 102 (First Dacian War) Battle of Tropheum Traiani (Adamclisi) - Trajan annihilate a mixed Dacian-Roxolano-Sarmatae army. 105-106 (Second Dacian War); king Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province 106 (Second Dacian War) Battle of Sarmisegetuza –Trajan conquers and destroys the Dacian capital. Part of Dacia is annexed to the Roman Empire. 106 Building of Trajan's Forum and construction of Trajan's column 106 Arabia Annexed 113-117 (Parthian War) Trajan's successful campaigns against the Parthian Empire 113 Trajan’s markets opened, world’s first shopping mall. 114 Jan Trajan arrives in Antioch King of Armenia submits to Trajan, Armenia becomes a Roman province 115 Romans capture Edessa, Nisibis and Singara, Mesopotamia becomes province 116 Trajan reaches Persian Gulf, Empire at Maximum 115–117 The Jewish second War (Kitos War) - Jewish rebellion that started in Egypt 117-38 HADRIAN 21 years 121-125 Hadrian travels through the Northern Empire c. 121 Suetonius publishes Lives of the Caesars 122 construction of Hadrian's Wall begins 128-132 Hadrian travels through Africa and the Eastern Empire 130 Founding of Aelia Capitolina on site of Jerusalem 132–135 The Jewish third War (Bar Kokhba's revolt). 138-61 ANTONINUS PIUS 23 years 140-143 After a rebellion Antoninus conquers Scotland; construction of Antonine Wall begins 11 150-163 rebellions in Scotland, Antonine Wall is abandoned and reoccupied several times 161-80 MARCUS AURELIUS 19 years 161-9 LUCIUS VERUS 8 years 162-166 Lucius Verus successful campaigns against the Parthia 165-7 Plague sweeps empire 165 Romans capture Dura Europa, sack Ctesiphon 166 Embassy from Marcus Aurelius reached China 167-75 (First Marcomanni War) 8 years 167 Quadi and Marcomanni crosses the Danube & besiege Aquileia 170 Battle of Carnuntum – Marcomannic King Ballomar defeats the Roman Army and invade Italy . 178-80 (Second Marcomanni War) 2 years 179 or 180 Battle of Laugaricio – Marcus Valerius Maximianus defeats the Quadi in Slovakia . 180 Praetorian Prefect Teratenius Paternus defeats the Quadi . 180-92 COMMODUS 12 years 180 Death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the Five good emperors; Commodus becomes emperor 184 Antonine Wall abandoned for the last time 192 Dec 31 - Death of Commodus, who was strangled in a bath by the wrestler Narcissus. 193 Year of Six Emperors Jan 1 - PERTINAX new emperor 86 days Mar 28 - Pertinax, who was lynched by Praetorian Guard Mar 28 - Praetorians auction off empire to JULIANUS ruled 66 days. Apr - NIGER in Antioch, CLODIUS ALBINNUS in Britain, and Septimus Severus in Pannonia proclaimed emperor June 2 – Julaianus executed June 10 Septimus Severus and army enters Rome. Septimus Severus begins siege of Byzantium against forces of Niger. 193-211 SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 18 years 193 Battle of Cyzicus – Septimius Severus, the new Emperor, defeats his eastern rival Pescennius Niger Battle of Nicaea – Severus again defeats Niger 194 Battle of Issus – Severus finally defeats Niger. 197 Feb 17 – Battle of Lugdunum – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats and kills his rival Clodius Albinus, 197-199 Septimius Severus invades Parthia 197 autumn – Severus builds fleet and sails down Euphrates 198 Feb-Mar - Severus attacks but fails to take Hatra Autumn – Severus attacks Hatra a second time but fails to take it. 209-211 Severus campaigns against the Caledonians 211-17 CARACALLA 6 years 211-12 GETA 211 Severus dies. His sons Caracalla and Geta become joint emperors. Caracalla has Geta murdered shortly thereafter. 212 Roman citizenship granted to all free person in empire 214-17 Caracalla tours the East and fights Persians 216 Baths of Caracalla 217-18 MACRINUS 217 Apr 8 - Caracalla assassinated; Macrinus becomes emperor 217 Battle of Nisibis – Bloody stalemate between the Parthians and the Roman army under Emperor Macrinus. 218 June 18 - Battle of Antioch – Varius Avitus defeats Emperor Macrinus to claim the throne under the name Elagabalus. 218-22 ELAGABALUS 4 years 218 Macrinus deposed and executed, Elagabalus is installed on the throne 222-35 SEVERUS ALEXANDER 13 years 222 Elagabalus is murdered. Alexander Severus becomes emperor 226 Sassanids overthrow Parthians 230 Persians invade Mesopotamia 231-33 War against Persia 235-8 MAXIMINUS THRAX 3 years 235 Alexander killed in a soldier mutiny. Maximinus Thrax becomes emperor. 236-237 Dacian campaign 238 - Year of six emperors. (1) Maximinus (2) Gordian I (3) Gordian II (4) Balbinus (5) Pupienus (6) Gordian III Death of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, who was killed when his soldiers mutinied. Battle of Carthage – Troops loyal to Maximinus Thrax defeat and kill Gordian II. Death of the Emperor Gordian II, who was killed in battle. Death of the Emperor Gordian I, who hanged himself. Death of Emperor Balbinus, who was beaten and dragged naked through streets of Rome before being killed by Praetorians. Death of the Emperor Pupienus Maximus, who was killed when his bodyguard lynched him. 238-44 GORDIAN III 6 years 240 Rebellion of Sabianus at Carthage is quickly defeated. 241 Victory over the Persians at Resaina. 243 Battle of Resaena – Roman forces under Gordian III defeat the Persians under Shapur I. 244-9 PHILIP the ARAB 5 years 244 Romans defeated at Misiche. Philip the Arab becomes emperor. 248 Celebration of 1000 years of Rome 249-51 TRAJAN DECIUS 2 years 249 Decius usurps the throne with support from the Danubian legions. He names his son Herennius co-emperor. 12 249-51 First general Christian persecution c. 250 Period of high inflation 250-251 Gothic invasion 250 Battle of Philippopolis – King Cuiva of the Goths defeats a Roman army. 251, 1 July – Battle of Abrittus – Goths defeat and kill Decius and Herennius Etruscus 251-3 TREBONIANUS GALLUS 2 years 252 Persians invade Syria, defeats the Romans at Barbalissos. 253 Persians capture Antioch 253 Aemilianus becomes emperor after leading a revolt and Gallus and Volusianus are slain by their own troops. Valerian and his son Gallienus become emperors after Aemilianus is killed by his own soldiers. Shapur captures Antioch. 253-60 VALERIAN 7 years 253-68 GALLIENUS 254 Marcomanni attack Ravenna 256 Goth fleet attack Asia Minor, Franks attack lower Rhine 256-7 Siege of Dura Europos 257 Valerian retakes Antioch. The Franks invade Gaul and Hispania. Alemanni invades Italy but are defeated at Milan. 257-8 Christian persecution under Valerian 258 Goths invade Asia Minor 259 Second Persian invasion of Syria 259 Battle of Mediolanum – Gallienus decisively defeats the Alamanni that invaded Italy 260-273 Gallic empire of the West 13 years 260-8 (Gallic Emperor) Postumus 8 years 260 Battle of Edessa –Shapur I of Persia defeats and captures Valerian 260-272 Empire of Palmyra 12 years 260 Odenathus defeats Persians 260 Edict of Toleration of Christians by Gallienus 262 Agri Decumates abandoned. 265 Gallienus attacks Postumus but is repulsed 266 Odenathus defeats Persians at Ctesiphon 267 Odaenathus assassinated. His widow Zenobia takes control of Palmyra 268 Battle of Naissus – Gallienus defeat the Goths. 268-70 CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS 2 years 268 Battle of Lake Benacus – Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alamanni 268 – 270 (Gallic Emperor) Victorinus 2 years 268 Postumus is killed. Victorinus proclaimed emperor in Gaul and Britain. Palmyrenes takes Egypt and Syria. Claudius defeats the Goths at Naissus in Moesia. c. 269 Spanish provinces return to Roman allegiance c. 269 Romans recover territories east of the Rhone 269-70 Zenobia invades Egypt 270-75 AURELIAN 5 years 270 Dacia abandoned 270-71 Zenobia conquers Asia Minor 270 Claudius dies of plague. After a brief rule by Claudius' brother Quintillus, Aurelian becomes emperor. 270-73 (Gallic Emperor) Tetricus 3 years 271 Aurelian walls around Rome 271 Battle of Placentia – Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alamanni forces invading Italy Battle of Fano – Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy Battle of Pavia – Aurelian destroys the retreating Alamanni army. 271 Aurelian campaigns against the Vandals, Juthungi and the Sarmatians. Victorinus is murdered and his soldiers proclaim Tetricus I emperor 272 Shapur I of Persia dies 272 Aurelian defeats Zenobia at Antioch and Emesa and takes Palmyra. Zenobia is captured. The province of Dacia is abandoned. 272 Battle of Immae – Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra Battle of Emesa – Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia. 273 Palmyra revolts. The city is destroyed by Aurelian. 273 Library of Alexandria partly destroyed when Aurelian captures city. 274 Battle of Châlons – Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire. 275-76 TACITUS 1 year 275 Aurelian is murdered. Tacitus becomes emperor. 276-82 PROBUS 6 years 276 Tacitus dies. After the brief reign and assassination of Florianus, Probus becomes emperor. 277 Burgundians, Longiones, Alemanni and Franks defeated. 279 Probus campaigns against the Vandals in Illyricum. 282-3 CARUS 282 Carus proclaimed emperor. Probus killed by his own troops. 282 Carus invaded Persia 283-4 NUMERIAN 283-5 CARINUS 283 Carus dies during an invasion of Persia. His sons Carinus and Numerian become emperors. 13 284-305 DIOCLETIAN 21 years 284 Numerian dies. Nov 24 - Diocletian proclaimed emperor and marches against Carinus. 285 Battle of the Margus – The usurper Diocletian defeats the army of the Emperor Carinus, who is killed. 285-305 (West) MAXIMIANUS 20 years 285 Carinus dies in battle against Diocletian. Diocletian splits the empire and appoints Maximianus emperor of the West while Diocletian rules the East. 286 Maximianus establishes Milan as capitol in west. 286 Carausius revolts in Britain. 293 - Diocletian creates the tetrarchy, or rule of four. Senior emperors, - Augustus, junior emperors - Caesar. (West) junior Augustus - Maximian. (East) senior Augustus - Diocletian, (West) junior Caesar - Constantius Chlorus. (East) senior Caesar - Galerius, 296 Allectus defeated and slain. 296 Battle of Callinicum – Romans under the Caesar Galerius are defeated by the Persians under Narseh. 297 Empire organized into 12 districts (dioceses) 298 Battle of Lingones – Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni Battle of Vindonissa – Constantius again defeats the Alamanni 299 Galerius defeats the Sarmatians and the Carpi 301 Edict on Maximum Prices. 303-11 Great persecution of Christians under Diocletian. 304 Hsnung-nu (Huns?) invade China 305 Diocletian and Maximian abdicate. New Tetrarchy 305-6 (West) junior Augustus - Constantius 305-11 (East) senior Augustus - Galerius 6 years (West) junior Caesar - Severus (East) senior Caesar - Maximinus 306-337 Constantine the Great sole emperor from 324 31 years 306 Constantius dies at York. His son Constantine I proclaimed emperor. Maxentius, son of Maximian, proclaims himself emperor in Rome. 307 Maxentius reinvests his father Maximian as emperor. Severus is put to death. Galerius lays siege to Rome. 308-24 (East) LICINIUS 16 years 308 Conference of Carnuntum. Diocletian convinces Maximian to step down. Licinius appointed Caesar in the East. 310 Maximian again proclaims himself emperor, but is captured by Constantine. He commits suicide. 311 Galerius dies at Sardica. Maximinus and Licinius split his realm between them. 312 Battle of Turin – Constantine I defeats forces loyal to Maxentius. Battle of Verona – Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius. Oct 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge – Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy. 313 Feb - Edict of Milan – grants toleration to Christians. Oct 30 - Battle of Tzirallum – In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of Licinius defeat Maximinus. 314 Oct 8 - Battle of Cibalae – Constantine defeats Licinius 316 Battle of Mardia – Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricum to Constantine. 317 Constantine defeats Licinius on the Campus Ardiensis. Licinius forced to cede all his European provinces except Thrace. 317 Constantine declares his sons Crispus and Constantine II Caesars. 318-81 Arian controversy 318 Excommunication of Arius 324 July 3 - Battle of Adrianople – Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium July - Battle of Hellespont – Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius Sep 18 - Battle of Chrysopolis – Constantine defeats Licinius, Constantine now sole emperor 324 Constantinople founded 324 Constantine declares his son Constantius II Caesar. 325 Council of Nicaea 326 Constantine orders the death of his oldest son, Crispus and his wife Fausta. 327 Death of Helena 329 St. Peter’s in Rome completed 330 May 11 - Constantinople made the capital 332 Constantine campaigns against the Goths 333 Constans declared Caesar 334 Constantine campaigns against the Sarmatians 335 Oct 21 - Constantine enacted rules against Jews. 337 Constantine dies at Nicomedia. His three sons become emperors. 337-40 CONSTANTINE II 3 years 337-61 CONSTANTIUS II 24 years 337-50 CONSTANS 13 years 338 Constantine II defeats the Alemanni. War with Persia 340 Constantine II invades Italy. He is ambushed and slain by Constans at Aquileia. 341 Constans and Constantius II issue a ban against pagan sacrifice. 341Ulfias starts mission among Goths 344 Battle of Singara – Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia (approximate date) 347 Donatists revolt in Africa. 348 Constantius defeats the Persians at the Siege of Singara. 350-3 MAGNENTIUS usurper in the west 350 Magnentius usurps the throne in the west. Constans is captured and killed. Nepotianus attacks Rome with a band of gladiators 351 Battle of Mursa Major – Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius 14 351 Constantius appoints his cousin Constantius Gallus as Caesar. Magnentius is defeated at Mursa. 353 Battle of Mons Seleucus – Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II 354 Constantius Gallus is put to death. 355 Franks sack Cologne. 355 Julian is appointed Caesar in Gaul. 356-60 Julian fights Franks and Alemmani in Gaul 356 Battle of Reims – Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alemanni 357 Battle of Strasbourg (Argentoratum) – Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland 359 Battle of Amida – Sassanids capture Amida from Romans 360 With a Persian war imminent, Constantius orders Julian to send several legions east. The troops mutiny and proclaim Julian Augustus. 360-3 JULIAN the apostate 361 Nov 3 - Constantius dies of illness, naming Julian his successor. Julian openly declares himself a pagan. 363 Julian invades Persia, but forced to retreat, he is mortally wounded during a skirmish and dies. Jovian is proclaimed emperor. 363 Battle of Ctesiphon –Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia. 363-364 JOVIAN 364 Feb 26 - Jovien dies of accidental asphyxiation. 364-75 (West) VALENTINIAN I 11 years 364-78 (East) VALENS 14 years 366 Battle of Thyatira – The army of the Roman emperor Valens defeats the usurper Procopius. 367 Pict, Scots, Saxons and Franks mount major attack on Britain. 367 Battle of Solicinium – Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion. c. 372 Huns conquer Ostrogoths 374-397 Ambrose Bishop of Milan 375-83 (West) GRATIAN 8 years 375 Valentinian dies and is succeeded by Gratian as Western emperor. 375 Huns destroy Ostrogoth Kingdom 376 Visigoths admitted into empire 376–382 (Gothic War) 377 (Gothic War)Battle of Ad Salices – Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths 378 (Gothic War)Battle of Argentovaria – Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again. (Gothic War) Aug 9 Battle of Adrianople – Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens 379-95 THEODOSIUS I sole emperor 394-5 16 years 380 (Gothic War) Battle of Thessalonica – The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern. 380 Feb - Edict of Thessalonica prohibited Arianism and makes empire Catholic. 381 Second Ecumenical council 382 Visigoths settled south of Danube under treaty 382 Gratian gives up title of Pontifex Maximus, removes pagan alter of victory from Senate 383-88 (West) MAGNUS MAXIMUS usurper 5 years 383 Magnus Maximus rebels in Britain and invades Gaul. 388-92 (West) VALENTINIAN II 4 years 384 Gratian is murdered, Valentinian II becomes emperor. 388 Battle of the Save – Emperor Theodosius I defeats the usurper Magnus Maximus. 390 Ambrose forces Theodosius to do penance for massacre of Thessalonica 391 Theodosius outlaws paganism 397 Destruction of the Serapeum, Library of Alexandria 391-430 St. Augustine Bishop of Hippo 392-94 (West) EUGENIUS usurper 392 Valentinian II dies of apparent suicide. Arbogast installs puppet Eugenius on Western throne, but Theodosius refuses to recognize. 394 Sep 6 - Battle of Frigidus – Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast. 394–408: Flavius Stilicho, Magister militum, regent for Honorius 394 Theodosius sole ruler of empire for about four months until death. 394 Theodosius ends Olympic Games 395-423 (West) HONORIUS 28 years 395-402 (East) ARCADIUS 7 years 395 Theodosius I dies, leaving the Western empire to his son Honorius and the Eastern empire to his son Arcadius. 395-430 Augustine bishop of Hippo 395-7 Visigoths pillage Greece 397 Stilicho campaigns against Alaric Africa governor Gildo rebels. Defeated next year 398 John Chrysostom becomes patriarch of Constantinople 402-50 (East) THEODOSIUS II 48 years 402 April 6 Battle of Pollentia – Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric. 402 June - Battle of Verona – Stilicho again defeats Alaric, who withdraws from Italy. 402 Ravenna made capitol 406 Vandals, Alans & Suebi cross Rhine and ravage Gaul 406 Dec 31 - Battle of Mainz – between the Franks "foederati" and an alliance of Vandals, Suevi and Alans 407 Romans abandon province of Britain 408 Stilicho executed. 409 Vandals, Alans and Suebi cross Pyrenees into Spain 410 Honorius tells Britons to organize their own defense 15 410 Aug 24 – Sack of Rome by Alaric 412 Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul 413 Theodosian Walls, Constantinople 418Visigoths establish capitol at Toulouse, Theodoric I King of Visigoths 419 Battle of Nervasos Mountains – Romans with Suebi defeat Vandals and Alans army as they reach Iberian Peninsula. 419 Visigoths found a kingdom in Roman Gaul 421-2 East Romans defeat Persians 422 East pays King Rua of the Huns tribute 423-5 (West) JOHANNES usurper 423 After a long and disastrous reign, Honorius dies; succeeded by the usurper Joannes 425-455 (West) VALENTINIAN III 30 years c. 426 St. Augustine finishes City of God 429-39 Vandals found kingdom in Africa. 430 Felix supplanted and killed by Aetius 431 Vandals sack Hippo Regius. 432 Battle of Ravenna – Boniface defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aëtius, but is mortally wounded in the process. 433 Attila and Bleda become co-rulers of the Huns 433–454 Flavius Aetius magister militum 436 Battle of Narbonne – Flavius Aëtius again defeats the Visigoths under Theodoric I. 436 Burgundians and Franks cross Rhine 463-7 Burgundians defeated by Aetius and Hun allies. 438 Theodosian Code 439 Carthage falls to Vandals 441-3 East Romans defeat Persians, Huns invade Balkans 445 Death of Bleda, Attila sole ruler 447 Battle of the Utus – The East Romans narrowly repulse the attack of Attila the Hun in an indecisive battle. c. 450 Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain 450-57 (East) MARCIAN 7 years 451, June Battle of Châlons –Aëtius repulse Huns. Theodoric is killed in the battle. 451 Nov 1 - Council of Chalcedon 452 Attila the Hun is turned away from Rome by Pope Leo I. 453 Sep 21 - Attila dies 454 Battle of Nedao - Huns defeated and dispersed by Germans 455(West) MAXIMUS 455 Valentinian III is assassinated and succeeded by Petronius Maximus as emperor. June 2-16 - Rome is plundered by Vandals, and Maximus is killed during mob violence. 455 Olybrius married Placidia 455-6 (West) AVITUS 456-472 Ricimer - Magister Militum, de facto ruler of Western Empire 457-61 (West) MAJORIAN 4 years 457-74 (East) LEO 17 years 457 Avitus is deposed by the magister militum Ricimer and killed. Majorian is installed as Western emperor. 461-5 (West) SEVERUS 4 years 461 Aug 3 - Majorian is deposed by Ricimer. Libius Severus becomes Western emperor. 463 Battle of Orleans – Gallo-Roman and Salian Frank forces under the command of Aegidius defeat a force of Visigoths. 465 Libius Severus dies, possibly poisoned by Ricimer. 467-72 (West) ANTHEMIUS 5 years 467 Anthemius becomes western emperor with the support of Leo I. 468 War against the Vandals by the joint forces of both empires. Naval expedition ends in failure. 472 (West) OLYBRIUS 7 months 472 July 11 - Ricimer kills Anthemius and makes Olybrius new western emperor. • Both (Aug 18) Ricimer and Olybrius die of natural causes. • Gundobad becomes magister militum in Italy. 473-4 (West) GLYCERIUS 473 Gundobad makes Glycerius new western emperor. 474-5 (West) JULIUS NEPOS 474-91 (East) ZENO 17 years 474 Gundobad leaves Italy to take part in a succession struggle among Burgundians. Glycerius is deposed by Julius Nepos who proclaims himself western emperor. 475-6 (West) ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS 475 Julius Nepos forced to flee to Dalmatia by his magister militum Orestes. Orestes proclaims his own son Romulus Augustulus as western emperor. 476 Sep 4 - Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustus the last Western emperor of Rome. Fall of empire 480 Julius Nepos, still claiming to be emperor, is killed in Dalmatia. 482 Clovis king of Franks 486 Battle of Soissons – Clovis I defeats Syagrius, last Roman commander in Gaul, and annexes the Roman rump state into the Frankish realm. 491-518 ANATASIUS 27 years 493 Battle of Mons Badonicus – Romano-British under Ambrosius Aurelianus decisively defeat the Anglo-Saxon invaders. 518-527 JUSTIN I 9 years 16 527-65 JUSTINIAN I 38 years 528 Justinian Code 533 Justinian I begins to restore the empire in the west; Belisarius defeats the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum 536 Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths 552 Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae 553 Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Mons Lactarius 568 The Lombards invade Italy; no further attempts to restore the empire 607 Emperor Phocas donates The Pantheon to the Pope and has a column erected in the Forum. 663 Constans II is the last emperor to visit Rome, and the city gradually slips out of imperial control. 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople and establish the Latin Empire of Constantinople. 1261 Michael VIII Palaiologos recovers Constantinople from the Latin Empire. 1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks. End of the Byzantine-eastern Roman Empire. 1461 Trebizond falls to the Ottoman Turks. End of the Empire of Trebizond and of the last remnant of the Roman Empire. Sources Fields, Nic, and Steve Noon. Spartacus and the Slave War 73-71 BC: A Gladiator Rebels against Rome. Oxford: Osprey, 2009. Print. Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith. How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print. Kinder, Hermann, and Werner Hilgemann. The Penguin Atlas of World History. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. "List of Roman Battles." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_battles Miles, Richard. Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization. New York: Viking, 2011. Print. Scarre, Christopher. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. London: Penguin, 1995. Print. Strauss, Barry S. The Spartacus War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. Print. "Timeline of Ancient Rome." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Rome#8th_century_BC