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Kate Eiseman Energy Law of Conservation of Energy: In a closed system, total sum of mass and energy remains constant over time. Energy can be transformed into an equivalent amount of matter, matter can be transformed into an equivalent amount of energy, and energy can be transformed into various kinds (kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential etc.) Mechanical Energy The ability to do work Energy due to motion, Kinetic energy = 1/2mv^2 (joules) Work = Force x Distance (Change in Kinetic Energy during a collision) Gravitational Potential Energy = mg x (total change in height) -- Heights are relative Waves Energy can be carried by waves, Not moving matter but instead movements of energy Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency (For light add speed of light constant - 3x10^8 m/s) Energy of Photon = Frequency x h (Planck’s Constant - 6.6.x10^-34) Energy in motion can move through a physical medium or a vacuum Refractions - Change speed when they pass through a boundary between mediums, Direction of the wave changes as well, Bending of the wave Diffraction - Bending of waves into a circular spreading pattern after passing through a narrow opening (About the same size as the wavelength) Interference - Two or more waves traveling through the same medium, same location, same time - The height of the medium at any point is the sum of all the amplitudes Zero sum - Node, Two Crests - Anti-Node Wavelength and Frequency are inversely proportional Cycle of Motion repeats itself precisely over a period of time (Period - T), Frequency is the number of time it repeats itself in a given time period (Hertz - Cycle/Second) Waves Without Mediums Electromagnetic Radiation (Light) - Visible or Invisible, Contained in photons (Force Carrier Particles for Electromagnetic Force) - Zero Rest Mass Sound Waves Natural frequency is the frequency(ies) at which an object tends to vibrate Resonance - object vibrating at same natural frequency as a second object forces the second object into vibration Move back and forth not up and down, Crests - High Density, Troughs - Low Density On a Quantum Level Atoms emit and absorb photons as a way of changing the total energy in an atom Max Planck - Photoelectric Effect -- Frequency in the light hitting plate, Intensity of light effecting how many electrons are released, Directly proportional to intensity of light Ultraviolet Catastrophe - More energy, less light emitted, Ultraviolet but less intensity, Direct relationship between energy and frequency, Releases much more energy per photon compared to visible light To move an electron from low energy level to high energy level, the photon must contain the exact amount of energy and be contained in one photon Electron energy is the combination of kinetic energy and electrical potential energy The energy level of an electron tells you the sum of the electron’s energy, Does not dictate the electron’s position in relation to the nuclues
