Download Review Sheet - Science with Ms. Wang

Name ___________________________________ Period _________ Date _________________________
Biology Semester 2 Final Review
LT 15 (Proteins and Traits) – Proteins express inherited traits and carry out most cell functions.
1. Give examples of structural and functional proteins, and explain why proteins are important to living things.
2. Describe the structure of a protein molecule. Discuss the monomers and their arrangement.
3. What is the difference between a “functional” and “non-functional” protein, and what might cause a protein to
be non-functional?
4. Define enzymes, and describe how functional enzymes perform their functions.
5. Describe how the type of protein produced in the body can result in the type of trait we see expressed in
individuals. Use a protein we have talked about in class (lactase, hemoglobin, etc.) as an example.
LT 16 – Describe the structure and function of DNA.
1. Where is DNA found in a cell?
a. DNA is kept in the nucleus so that it is protected and the code won’t get lost
b. DNA is kept in the ribosome so that it can be used to make proteins
c. DNA is found in every part of the cell because it is so important
d. DNA is found inside the atoms of cells because it is so small
2. What is the “X” pointing to in the diagram to the right? ____________________
3. What are the 3 parts that make up this structure?
4. Which is the correct pairing of DNA nitrogen bases?
A. Adenine with Guanine, Uracil with Thymine
B. Guanine with Adenine, Cytosine with Thymine
C. Adenine with Cytosine, Thymine with Guanine
D. Cytosine with Guanine, Adenine with Thymine
5. What is a gene? What do genes have to do with DNA?
6. How are genes different from each other?
a. Different genes have different sugars in the DNA backbone.
b. The order of nitrogen bases is different in different genes.
c. Different genes are found in different parts of the cell.
d. Some genes lack phosphate groups.
LT 17 – Explain the process of protein synthesis.
1. Using the order of DNA bases in the half strand below, indicate:

the order of bases in the mRNA resulting from transcription of
the DNA

the order of amino acids resulting from translation of the mRNA
(use the genetic codon wheel below)
DNA Half Strand: T A C A C G C G C C T A A T G T C C A T C
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
2. Use the picture below to help you describe the process of transcription, which occurs at the start of protein
synthesis in the nucleus. In your description, be sure to explain the role of DNA, mRNA, and RNA polymerase.
3. Use the picture below to help you describe what happens in the cell’s cytoplasm during translation. In your
description, be sure to explain the role of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.
LT 18 – Describe the structure and function of chromosomes.
1. Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes. Consider drawing a diagram.
2. Label the sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes in the picture to the right.
3. What are homologous chromosomes? Where do they come from? What is the same
about homologous chromosomes? What can be different?
LT 19 – Explain the possible allele combinations in an egg or sperm through meiosis.
1. Why does meiosis occur?
2. What type of cells are created through meiosis?
3. If a parent cell starts with 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have after
meiosis?
4. List all the possible sex cells (gametes) that can be created from a parent with the genotype MmNn.
5. What is the difference between how chromosomes line up and separate during meiosis I and meiosis II?
LT 20 – Explain the outcomes of genetic crosses.
1. If a sperm cell containing the alleles Mn fertilizes an egg cell containing the alleles mn, what is the
genotype of the offspring?
2. In rabbits, black fur is dominant over white fur. Show the cross of a heterozygous black male with a
homozygous white female.
a) What are the parent genotypes?
b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring and their ratios?
3. Travis is heterozygous for Polycystic kidney disease (a dominant allele disease) and homozygous recessive for
Sickle Cell Anemia. He and his partner Pei-Yee, are considering having children. Pei-Yee is homozygous recessive
for Polycystic kidney disease and heterozygous for Sickle Cell Trait. Using the following allele key, create the dihybrid cross punnett square for this couple on scratch paper.
H – Polycystic kidney
h – normal kidney
R – normal hemoglobin
S – hemoglobin that sickles
What are the chances their offspring will have their father’s phenotype (traits)?
What are the chances their offspring will have their mother’s phenotype?
4. There are three possible genotypes and phenotypes for wing color in a species of moth:
RR = red wings; RY = orange wings; YY = yellow wings.
a. What is the pattern of inheritance in this example: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance?
b. An orange-winged moth mates with a red-winged moth. What are the genotypes of these two moths?
c. If the red and yellow wing alleles instead exhibited codominance, what would be the phenotype of a
moth that was heterozygous for wing color?
LT 21 – Explain that mutation and recombination increase variation.
1. In the table below, explain the following sources of variation, when they happen, and how they create variation.
Source of
Variation
Independent
Assortment
Crossing-over
Random
Fertilization
Mutation
What is it? Explain the process.
When does it happen?
How does it create variation?
2. Using words or a diagram, demonstrate that you understand how crossing-over can also increase genetic
variability.
3. Why are offspring created through sexual reproduction genetically unique?
4. A man has a mutation occur in some muscle cells. Will this be inherited by his offspring? Why or why not?
5. Pretend that a fruit fly has two pairs of chromosomes: one long, and one short - each with the following genes and
genotype:
 On the long chromosome is the gene for eye color (R/r) and this organism is heterozygous for eye color.
 On the short is the gene for hairiness (H/h) and the fly is also heterozygous for hair.
Diagram two different options for how the homologous chromosomes could line up in metaphase I. For each
different option, determine the genotypes of the four gametes.
Option 1:
Option 2:
LT 22 – Describe how variation, population growth, and environmental pressure drive natural selection.
1. Use the factors of natural selection to describe how Galapagos finches evolved in the example below.
A single species of Galapagos finch arrived on the Galapagos Islands several million years ago and spread out to
14 different islands. On each different island are differently sized nuts that the finches rely on for food. Today
there are fourteen different species of finches, each with a different shape or length of beak. Explain how
Galapagos finches evolved on Isla Margarita to have primarily short thick beaks. Most nuts on Isla Margarita are
small and surrounded by a very hard shell.
a. What is the probable genetic variation that was present in the original finch population?
b. How were the finches struggling to survive?
c. What would have been the differential survival and reproduction that would have lead to the evolution
of finches in Isla Margarita?
2. Does evolution happen to an individual or to a population? Explain your answer.
3. Sometimes a dose of antibiotics cannot effectively to kill all of the bacteria that are causing an infection.
a. What might have caused the bacteria (which reproduce asexually) to have variation?
b. Would antibiotics be as effective if the infection reoccurred and the patient was given the same
antibiotics? Why or why not?
LT 23 – Explain how the fossil record, anatomical similarities, and DNA similarities provide evidence for evolution. Use
this evidence to construct a cladogram that describes the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
1. Evidence for evolution support the claims that A) all life on earth originated from a common ancestor, and B) the
frequency of traits in a population changed gradually over time so that new species arose from those gradual
changes. In the table below, provide an example of how each type of evidence supports the theory of evolution.
Type of Evidence
Fossil Record
Comparative Anatomy
Molecular Biology
Support for Evolution
2. Use the cladogram/phylogenetic tree to answer the following questions:
A. Which trait developed the earliest in the
evolutionary history of these organisms?
B. Are alligators more closely related to fish or
mammals? How do you know?
C. Which group of animals has hair? How do you know?
LT24 (Population Growth) – Explain how changes to a limiting factor affect population growth through
compare/contrast of exponential growth, logistical growth, and dynamic equilibrium.
1. What four factors affect population growth rate?
2. What is exponential growth, and in what conditions does it occur?
3. What is the difference between exponential and logistic growth?
4. What are conditions (limiting factors) that would limit or decrease population growth? Explain using an example.
5. What is the carrying capacity of a population? Explain using an example.
6. When populations of an ecosystem are in dynamic equilibrium, what does this mean?
LT 25 – Calculate population density given an area and the number of a given organism within the area.
1. How is population density calculated?
2. Sally, an ecologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is studying the impact of the invasive honeysuckle
plants on deciduous forest ecosystems in Indiana. She has determined that there are approximately 21,000
honeysuckle plants in the 200 square kilometer study area. What is the population density of the honeysuckle
plants?
LT26 (Biogeochemical Cycles) - Describe the cycle of carbon and nitrogen through the living and non-living
parts of ecosystems.
1. What organisms remove carbon from the atmosphere? Through what processes do these organisms remove
carbon from the atmosphere?
2. Once carbon is removed from the atmosphere how do animals obtain it?
3. What process allows animals and plants to use energy stored in carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds?
4. What organisms might use the carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration?
5. List three ways carbon might return to the atmosphere .
6. What is the chemical formula of the molecule in the atmosphere that contains nitrogen?
7. What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
8. How do animals obtain nitrogen?
9. How does nitrogen return to the atmosphere?