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CHAPTER 1
DEVELOPING A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Multiple Choice Questions
What Is Sociology?
1.
Sociologists define the discipline of sociology as:
A.
the study of human development
B.
the methods of gathering data–sociology uses empirical observations while the others do
not
C.
the study of human behavior in society
D.
the study of personality types
ANS: C
2.
PG: 2
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The benefits of studying sociology for students include:
A.
increased awareness of society and its components.
B.
encourages active and informed citizens.
C.
aids in interpretation of daily life.
D.
all of the above.
ANS: D
4.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Social commentary is distinct from sociology because:
A.
it describes behavior in society.
B.
it focuses on topics such as race relations, gender, etc.
C.
it is based on someone’s opinion, rather than research.
D.
it appears on television, whereas serious scholars never do.
ANS: C
3.
PG: 2
PG: 2
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
A comparison of sociology and psychology reveals that:
A.
psychologists are interested in individuals—sociologists are not
B.
the unit of analysis for psychology is the individual and groups while for sociologists it is
society (the whole configuration of group life)
C.
from the sociological point of view, psychological explanations are not only
incomplete—they are flat out wrong
D.
there are no major differences between the two disciplines
ANS: B
PGS: 3-4
TYP: COMPREHENSION
1
Chapter 1
5.
Anthropology differs from sociology to the extent that:
A.
sociology focuses on culture—anthropology does not
B.
anthropologists tend to study cultures other than their own
C.
sociologists study faraway and remote cultures more than anthropologists do
D.
anthropologists use participant observation as a data gathering device while sociologists
do not
ANS: B
6.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Sociologists refer to an established, organized system of social behavior with a
recognized purpose as a:
A.
B.
C.
D.
ANS: A
7.
PG: 4
social institution
culture complex
social construct
social telesis
PG: 4
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The field which draws from the social sciences to serve people in need, and generally addresses
the needs of individuals is known as:
A.
sociology
B.
social work
C.
anthropology
D.
economics
ANS: B
PG: 4
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The Sociological Imagination
8.
Which sociologist is associated with the concept, “the sociological imagination?”
A.
C. Wright Mills
B.
Max Weber
C.
Emile Durkheim
D.
Charles Murray
ANS: A
9.
PG: 5
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
A fundamental concept for organizing the sociological imagination is the distinction that Mills
made between:
A.
mechanical and organic solidarity
B.
“troubles” and “issues”
C.
the gemeinschaft and the gesellschaft
D.
social status and social dynamics
ANS: B
PG: 5
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
2
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10.
The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions which together constitute
society is referred to as:
A. social interaction
B. social structure
C. social institution
D. social change
ANS: B
11.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 7
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Peter Berger called the process whereby sociologists question actions and ideas that are usually
taken for granted:
A.
“unmasking”
B.
“verstehen”
C.
“objectification”
D.
“debunking”
ANS: D
14.
PG: 6
The empirical approach to knowledge requires that conclusions be based on:
A.
careful and systematic observations
B.
previous assumptions
C.
common sense
D.
personal experiences
ANS: A
13.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
According to Mills, the specific task of sociology is to:
A.
make people aware of the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie
B.
identify the inevitable worker alienation associated with bureaucracy
C.
enable people to comprehend the whole of human societyits personal and public
dimensions; historical and contemporary, and its influence on the lives of human beings
D.
make people aware of the value of using “verstehen” to understand social behavior from
the point of view of those who engaged in it
ANS: C
12.
PG: 5
PG: 7
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Examining the commonly held assumption that education helps people learn and get ahead is an
example of:
A.
empirical research
B.
social commentary
C.
debunking
D.
marginal distance
ANS: C
PG: 7
TYP: COMPREHENSION
3
Chapter 1
15.
Seeing past the cultural beliefs established in any society requires stepping back, detaching
oneself from unquestioned engagement in everyday life, and establishing:
A.
critical distance
B.
social distance
C.
cultural distance
D.
marginal distance
ANS: A
16.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Which of the following is true about marginality?
A.
To be effective as a sociologist one needs to be a marginal person
B.
Marginality has often provided the critical distance necessary to inspire a thriving
sociological imagination
C.
Marginality is often the obstacle to developing critical distance
D.
Simmel’s work suggests that marginality blurs one’s objectivity in assessing a social
situation
ANS: B
17.
PG: 8
PG: 8
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Georg Simmel is a sociologist concerned with studying:
A.
the role of insiders in society.
B.
the role of strangers in social groups.
C.
the role of the sociological imagination.
D.
the role of social commentary on society.
ANS: B
PG: 8
TYP: COMPREHENSION
The Significance of Diversity
18.
Factors which influence the regional distribution of racial-ethnic groups in the United States
include:
A.
history of slavery
B.
urban migration
C.
forced relocation
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
19.
PG: 10 (MAP 1.1)
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
According to the maps on diversity in your textbook, African Americans have a substantial
presence in which region of the United States?
A.
South-eastern
B.
South-western
C.
North-eastern
D.
North-western
ANS: A
PG: 10 (MAP 1.1)
TYP: COMPREHENSION
4
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20.
According to the maps on diversity in your textbook, the Hispanic population has a substantial
presence in which region of the United States?
A.
South-eastern
B.
South-western
C.
North-eastern
D.
North-western
ANS: B
21.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
PG: 11
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following is an important dimension of diversity in the United States?
A.
class
B.
race
C.
gender
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
24.
PG: 10 (MAP 1.1)
The variety of group experiences that result from the social structure of society is referred to by
sociologists as:
A.
social change
B.
diversity
C.
formation of group identity
D.
formation of individual identity
ANS: B
23.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
According to the maps on diversity in your textbook, the White population has a substantial
presence in which region of the United States?
A.
Southern
B.
Western
C.
Eastern
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
22.
PG: 10 (MAP 1.1)
PG: 11
TYP: COMPREHENSION
A variety of factors differentiate the experience of diverse groups in the United States, including:
A.
nationality
B.
region of residence
C.
religion
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
PG: 11
TYP: COMPREHENSION
5
Chapter 1
The Development of Sociology
25.
Sociology first emerged as a discipline during the 18th and 19th centuries in:
A.
the United States
B.
western Europe
C.
South America
D.
There is no one geographic area or region in particular associated with the emergence of
sociology as a discipline
ANS: B
26.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
A product of the Enlightenment that had a significant influence on the development of modern
sociology was/were:
A.
a faith in the ability of human reason to solve society’s problems
B.
positivism
C.
humanitarianism
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
29.
PG: 14
The system of thought that emerged during the Enlightenment which argued that accurate
observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge is:
A.
positivism
B.
organicism
C.
humanitarianism
D.
scientology
ANS: A
28.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology because
of:
A.
the spread of socialism
B.
the influence of religion as a system of authority and law
C.
its faith in the ability of human reason to solve society’s problems
D.
all of the above
ANS: C
27.
PG: 14
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The philosophy that human reason can successfully direct social change for the betterment of
society is called:
A.
egalitarianism
B.
humanism
C.
humanitarianism
D.
secularism
ANS: C
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
6
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30.
The classic sociologist who coined the term sociology and first elaborated the positivist basis of
sociology was:
A.
Auguste Comte
B.
Alexis de Tocqueville
C.
Harriet Martineau
D.
Emile Durkheim
ANS: A
31.
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 14
TYP: APPLICATION
Harriet Martineau’s important book, Society in America, was overlooked for many years,
probably because she was:
A.
a woman
B.
Black
C.
an unknown as a writer prior to publishing this work
D.
not well-educated by the standards of the time
ANS: A
35.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Alexis de Tocqueville and Harriet Martineau were alike in that both were:
A.
abolitionists who feared that slavery would tear a society apart
B.
feminists who were concerned about the subordination of women
C.
fascinated by the newly emerging culture in America
D.
symbolic interactionists
ANS: C
34.
PG: 14
Alexis de Tocqueville referred to the ability of the majority to impose its will on everyone else in
a democracy as:
A.
the “tyranny of the masses”
B.
“unenlightened despotism”
C.
“manifest destiny”
D.
the “tyranny of the majority”
ANS: D
33.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following statements is true about Auguste Comte?
A.
He was greatly influenced by Emile Durkheim
B.
He was the husband of Harriet Martineau and, like his wife, supported feminist ideology
C.
He believed that scientific knowledge developed in stages, with sociology being the most
highly evolved
D.
Much of his work is the result of his friendship and collaboration with Karl Marx
ANS: C
32.
PG: 14
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Harriet Martineau’s book, How to Observe Manners and Morals, is a classic work on:
A.
sociological research methods with a particular emphasis on participant observation
B.
field studies of folkways and mores
C.
the forces that hold society together and make it stable
D.
positivism as a tool for sociological analysis
ANS: A
PG: 14
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
7
Chapter 1
36.
According to Emile Durkheim:
A.
deviance has no place in a “healthy” society
B.
society is a subject to be studied separate from the sum of the individuals who comprise it
(i.e., society sui generis)
C.
the best theoretical approach to the study of society is social conflict theory
D.
economic forces direct human behavior
ANS: B
37.
PG: 15
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 15
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Durkheim conceptualized social facts as:
A.
drives and motivations that exist within individuals
B.
social patterns that are external to individuals
C.
the embodiment of sui generis
D.
the direct outgrowth of our biological drives
ANS: B
41.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
According to the text, Durkheim’s major contribution was the discovery of:
A.
the effects of capitalism on society
B.
the social basis of human behavior
C.
the relationship that exists between society’s major social institutions
D.
the effect of verstehen on our conception of reality
ANS: B
40.
PG: 15
Durkheim argued that “social facts” are best understood from the
perspective.
A.
sociological
B.
psychological
C.
biological
D.
Durkheim contended that all three perspectives were needed to understand this complex
phenomena
ANS: A
39.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Durkheim’s work is the basis for:
A.
functionalism
B.
social conflict theory
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
feminist theory
ANS: A
38.
PG: 15
PG: 15
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Marx’s work was devoted to explaining:
A.
the social basis of human behavior
B.
the social laws that governed human behavior
C.
how capitalism shaped society
D.
the effect of the interplay between economic, political, and cultural institutions
ANS: C
PG: 16
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
8
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42.
The theorist who devoted his work to explaining how capitalism shaped society was:
A.
Auguste Comte
B.
Emile Durkheim
C.
Max Weber
D.
Karl Marx
ANS: D
43.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
PG: 16
TYP: COMPREHENSION
While Weber’s approach to the analysis of society was more multidimensional, he was greatly
influenced by the work of:
A.
Ferdinand Tönnies
B.
Auguste Comte
C.
Karl Marx
D.
Georg Simmel
ANS: C
46.
PG: 16
While Marx saw economics as the basic organizing element of society, Weber theorized that the
basic dimension(s) of society was/were:
A.
political
B.
economic
C.
cultural
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
45.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following is true of Karl Marx?
A.
Marx focused more on individuals than social structure in his analysis of society
B.
Marx believed that all institutions are shaped by economic forces
C.
A limitation of Marx’s work was his failure to recognize the effects of class on social
behavior
D.
Marx’s evolutionary concept of societal development and change is almost identical to
that of Durkheim
ANS: B
44.
PG: 16
PG: 16
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Weber theorized that:
A.
a value-free society could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists
considered worthy of study
B.
society’s economic, political, and cultural institutions exist independent of one another
with no interplay between them
C.
that verstehen is of little value as a tool of analysis because of its subjective nature
D.
faculty had a moral and ethical responsibility to use their positions to promote their
political opinions
ANS: A
PG: 16
TYP: COMPREHENSION
9
Chapter 1
47.
Weber’s major contribution(s) to sociology was/were:
A.
the discovery of the social basis of human behavior
B.
the definition of social action as “a behavior to which people give meaning”
C.
his discovery of the effects of capitalism on society
D.
All of the above are contributions of Max Weber to the discipline of sociology
ANS: B
48.
PG: 17
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 17
TYP: COMPREHENSION
The perspective of society as constantly evolving, like an organism, is called:
A.
positivism
B.
Social Darwinism
C.
the organic metaphor
D.
holistic theory
ANS: C
52.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Early sociologists in both Europe and the United States were alike in:
A.
their emphasis in the theoretical rather than practical focus
B.
their shared acceptance of the organic metaphor
C.
their concern about the need to expose the causes of existing social problems
D.
all of the above
ANS: B
51.
PG: 17
The belief in practicality that influenced sociologists in the United States to value social planning
is philosophically referred to as:
A.
pragmatism
B.
organicism
C.
interventionism
D.
asceticism
ANS: A
50.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
Max Weber was particularly interested in the:
A.
rise of bureaucracy in the modern world
B.
nature of power and authority
C.
foundation of the work ethic in capitalist society
D.
all of the above
ANS: D
49.
PG: 17
PG: 17
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
According to Social Darwinists:
A.
the “survival of the fittest” is the driving force of social evolution
B.
significant emphasis needed to be placed on social reform
C.
the evolution of society created a major threat to the stability of society as a system
D.
“social engineering” was necessary for society to meet the needs of its members
ANS: A
PG: 18
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
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53.
The 19th century British sociologist who conceived of society as an organism that evolved from
simple to complex in a process of adoption to the environment was:
A.
Charles Darwin
B.
Stephen Irwin
C.
Herbert Spencer
D.
Neville Chamberlain
ANS: C
54.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 17
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The use of sociological research and theory in solving real human problems is called:
A.
interventionist sociology
B.
applied sociology
C.
remedial sociology
D.
reformist sociology
ANS: B
57.
PG: 17
American Sociologist William Graham Sumner believed that:
A.
a “hands-on-approach” regarding the social system, arguing that occasional tampering
with the social system was a necessity
B.
the rich and powerful got that way by exploiting others in society
C.
“survival of the fittest” justified the inequalities in society
D.
sociology had the ability as a discipline to address society’s problems
ANS: C
56.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
British Sociologist Herbert Spencer conceived of society as:
A.
an organism that evolved from simple to complex in a process of adaptation to the
environment
B.
the product of natural laws and processes in society, to be discovered and used for the
general good
C.
an entity larger than the sum of its parts
D.
a system of relationships among different classes that places the highest value on the
profit of the capitalist
ANS: A
55.
PG: 17
PG: 17
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Lester Frank Ward was an early American sociologist who believed that human intervention in
the natural evolution of society would advance the interests of society. He called this:
A.
social telesis
B.
tabula rasa
C.
social engineering
D.
social realignment
ANS: A
PG: 17
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
11
Chapter 1
58.
Social telesis—the idea that human intervention in the natural evolution of society would advance
the interests of society is a concept that is associated with the work of:
A.
William Graham Sumner
B.
Charles Darwin
C.
Lester Frank Ward
D.
Robert Park
ANS: C
59.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 18
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following women did not contribute to the development of the “Chicago School” of
sociology?
A.
Jane Addams
B.
Marion Talbot
C.
Edith Abbot
D.
Patricia Madoo Lengermann
ANS: D
62.
PG: 17
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” is a dictum generally
associated with “Chicago School” sociologist:
A.
Robert Park
B.
W. I. Thomas
C.
Charles Cooley
D.
George H. Mead
ANS: B
61.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Charles Horton Cooley theorized that individual identity developed through:
A.
three distinctive stages: the imitative, the play, and the game stage
B.
categories of experience that overlap, but end before age twelve
C.
eight distinct stages that carry over a lifetime
D.
people’s understanding of how they are perceived by others
ANS: D
60.
PG: 17
PG: 18
TYP: COMPREHENSION
One of the most renowned sociologists of her day who was a leader in the settlement house
movement and won a Nobel Peace Prize (in 1931) was:
A.
Jane Addams
B.
Marion Talbot
C.
Edith Abbott
D.
Sophistina Brecheuridge
ANS: A
PG: 18
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
12
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63.
Prominent Black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois is noted for his:
A.
belief that sociology was, and needs to continue to be, value-free
B.
opposition to the emphasis sociology placed on the importance of a scientific approach to
sociological questions
C.
focus on the problems created by the racial divisiveness in American society
D.
all of the above
ANS: C
64.
PG: 19
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The first African American sociologist to become president of what is now the American
Sociological Association (ASA) was:
A.
W. E. B. Dubois
B.
Oliver Cromwell Cox
C.
E. Franklin Frazier
D.
William Julius Wilson
ANS: C
PG: 19
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Theoretical Frameworks in Sociology
65.
Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are categorized as:
A.
macrosociology
B.
microsociology
C.
theories of the middle range
D.
universalistic sociology
ANS: A
66.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as:
A.
macrosociology
B.
microsociology
C.
theories of the middle range
D.
universalistic sociology
ANS: B
67.
PG: 20
PG: 20
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Functionalism has its origins in the work of:
A.
Durkheim
B.
Marx
C.
Weber
D.
Tönnies
ANS: A
PG: 20
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
13
Chapter 1
68.
interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the
stability of the whole.
A.
Functionalism
B.
Conflict theory
C.
Symbolic interaction
D.
Positivism
ANS: A
69.
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
From a functionalist perspective, disorganization in the system leads to change because:
A.
societal components must adjust to achieve stability
B.
social revolution would then be inevitable
C.
of the meanings attached to it
D.
of economic and social forces
ANS: A
73.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
The unintended consequences of behavior are referred to as:
A.
latent functions
B.
ascribed functions
C.
achieved functions
D.
manifest functions
ANS: A
72.
PG: 20
Merton referred to the stated and open goals of social behavior as:
A.
latent functions
B.
ascribed functions
C.
achieved functions
D.
manifest functions
ANS: D
71.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Behavior between two or more people that is given meaning is referred to as:
A.
social change
B.
social structure
C.
social interaction
D.
social telesis
ANS: C
70.
PG: 20
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Talcott Parsons believed that:
A.
the parts of a social system should be analyzed separate and apart from one another
B.
once any part of society malfunctions, the other parts will malfunction as well, and social
disorganization will inevitably occur
C.
society worked like a machine that would always move to social stability
D.
strife and friction are inevitable in a society
ANS: C
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
14
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74.
Reducing federal budget expenditures is a _________________ function of welfare reform.
A.
latent
B.
manifest
C.
achieved
D.
ascribed
ANS: B
75.
PG: 21
TYP: COMPREHENSION
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Conflict theory is derived from the work of:
A.
Emile Durkheim
B.
Auguste Comte
C.
Karl Marx
D.
Herbert Spencer
ANS: C
79.
TYP: APPLICATION
From the conflict perspective, the source of social change(s) is/are:
A.
technological innovation
B.
the public’s perception of a need for change
C.
power struggles between conflicting groups
D.
the status quo
ANS: C
78.
PG: 21
Conflict theory emphasizes:
A.
a person or group’s ability to exercise influence and control over others
B.
the significance of consensus in maintaining social order
C.
the benefit to society in the unequal distribution of resources
D.
all of the above
ANS: A
77.
TYP: APPLICATION
Increasing homelessness is a ___________________ function of welfare reform.
A.
latent
B.
manifest
C.
achieved
D.
ascribed
ANS: A
76.
PG: 21
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
Conflict theory pictures society as:
A.
fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources
B.
different, interrelated parts with distinct functions
C.
a series of face-to-face interactions
D.
a social construction
ANS: A
PG: 21
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
15
Chapter 1
80.
Which of the following is(are) true of symbolic interaction?
A.
Because of its emphasis on face-to-face contact, symbolic interaction theory is a form of
microsociology
B.
Symbolic interaction theory is generally associated with the “Yale School” of thought
C.
Symbolic interaction conceptualizes society in terms of abstract institutions and values
D.
Symbolic interaction views the economic organization of society as the most important
influence on individuals and groups
ANS: A
81.
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
PG: 23
TYP: KNOWLEDGE
“Social order stems from consensus on public values.” This statement is most closely associated
with:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: B
84.
PG: 22
is based on the idea that society is not an objective thing but rather it is
found in the words and images (or discourses) that people use to represent behavior and ideas.
A.
Rational choice theory
B.
Exchange theory
C.
Postmodernism
D.
Feminist theory
ANS: C
83.
TYP: COMPREHENSION
The sociological theory that portrays the individual and society as being interdependent is:
A.
functionalism
B.
postmodernism
C.
conflict theory
D.
symbolic interactionism
ANS: D
82.
PG: 22
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
“Inequality results from a struggle over scarce resources.” This statement is most closely
associated with:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: A
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
16
Full file at http://testbanksolution.eu/Test-Bank-for-Sociology-Understanding-A-DiverseSociety-4-E-by-Andersen
85.
“Change evolves from an ever-evolving set of social relationships and the creation of new
meaning systems.” This statement is most closely associated with:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: C
86.
TYP: APPLICATION
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
“Inequality is demonstrated through the importance of symbols.” This statement most closely
reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: C
89.
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
“Change comes through the mobilization of people struggling for resources.” This statement most
closely reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: A
88.
TYP: APPLICATION
“Society seeks equilibrium when there is social disorganization.” This statement most closely
reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
feminist theory
ANS: B
87.
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
“Social order is maintained through power and coercion.” This statement most closely reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange theory
ANS: A
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
17
Chapter 1
90.
“Social order is sustained through social interaction and adherence to social norms.” This
statement most closely reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange
ANS: C
91.
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
“Inequality is inevitable and functional for society.” This statement most closely reflects:
A.
conflict theory
B.
functionalism
C.
symbolic interaction
D.
exchange
ANS: B
PG: 23 (TABLE 1.1)
TYP: APPLICATION
True/False Questions
1.
Sociologists are interested in how social forces of all kinds—e.g., cultural, economic, and
political—affect human behavior.
ANS: True
2.
Generally, sociologists are more likely to study a society of which they are a part, while
anthropologists are more likely to study far away and remote cultures.
ANS: True
3.
PG: 5
Arlie Hochschild’s observation of how flight attendants interact with passengers and with each
other concluded that sincerity dominated both with no attempt to “manage” the emotions of each
other.
ANS: False
6.
PG: 5
Mills believed that a major problem for most people is their inability to recognize the fact that the
situation they are in is larger than their experience alone.
ANS: False
5.
PG: 4
C. Wright Mill’s concept of the sociological imagination is based on the belief that to understand
the experience of a given person or group, one had to have knowledge of the social and historical
context in which people live.
ANS: True
4.
PG: 3-4
PG: 6-7
Peter Berger felt that “debunking” had no place in sociology.
ANS: False
PG: 7
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7.
Relative to boys, girls are often short-changed by the school system and receive less attention
and encouragement.
ANS: True
8.
Seeing past the cultural beliefs established in any society requires establishing “critical distance.”
ANS: True
9.
PG: 17
The focus on the individual espoused by the Chicago School is distinctively American, and
reflects the importance of individualism in American culture.
ANS: True
17.
PG: 16
American Sociologist William Graham Sumner strongly supported engineering social change via
social telesis.
ANS: False
16.
PG: 16
Weber did not believe that there could be a value-free sociology, since values would always
impact what sociologists consider worthy of study.
ANS: True
15.
PG: 15
Marx and Durkheim agreed that the economic organization of society was the most important
influence on what humans think and how they behave.
ANS: False
14.
PG: 14
Durkheim viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts.
ANS: True
13.
PG: 11
Comte declared that scientific knowledge occurred in distinct stages with sociology being the first
of those stages.
ANS: False
12.
PG: 11
Race, class and gender are all sources of social diversity.
ANS: True
11.
PG: 8
Most sociologists believe that social change threatens social organization and thus is bad for
society.
ANS: False
10.
PG: 7
PG: 18
The functionalist perspective emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society.
ANS: True
PG: 20
19
Chapter 1
18.
The family, religion, marriage, government, and the economy are examples of major social
institutions.
ANS: True
19.
Social structure is a “thing,” not always visible to the human eye, which guides and shapes human
behavior.
ANS: False
20.
PG: 22
Exchange theory argues that the behavior of individuals is determined by the rewards or
punishments they receive in day-to-day interaction with others.
ANS: True
25.
PG: 21
Functionalist theorists see meaning as constantly modified through social interaction.
ANS: False
24.
PG: 21
Power and coercion are key elements of functionalism.
ANS: False
23.
PG: 21
The conflict theory emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order.
ANS: True
22.
PG: 20
Karl Marx suggested that human behavior has both manifest and latent functions.
ANS: False
21.
PG: 20
PG: 23
Rational choice theory is used exclusively by political scientists.
ANS: False
PG: 23
Short Answer Questions
1.
Explain Mills’ conceptthe sociological imagination. (ANS: PAGES 5-6)
2.
Explain what Peter Berger meant by the “debunking process,” and discuss why it is such an
important part of sociological inquiry. (ANS: PAGES 7-8)
3.
Discuss the reasons why class, race, and gender have become central to sociological thought in
the U.S. today. (ANS: PAGES 9-12)
4.
Explain how the ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the development of modern sociology.
(ANS: PAGE 14)
5.
Compare and contrast between positivism and humanitarianism. (ANS: PAGE 14)
20
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6.
Explain Durkheim’s concept of “social facts.” (ANS: PAGE 15)
7.
Explain Weber’s concept of “social action.” (ANS: PAGE 17)
8.
List and discuss W. I. Thomas’s famous dictum. (ANS: PAGE 18)
9.
Compare and contrast between macrosociological and microsociological approaches. (ANS:
PAGE 20)
10.
Briefly discuss how functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism view society.
(ANS: PAGES 20-23)
Essay Questions
1.
Discuss the ways that sociologists have used their research and theory to educate people about the
diversity that characterizes society today. Include in your answer how the sociological
imagination contributes to our comprehension of the whole of human society. (See pages 5; 9-13)
2.
Discuss the role of critical distance in developing a sociological imagination. (Note the work of
George Simmel on the subject.) (See pages 8-9)
3.
Define diversity. Discuss why the analysis of diversity is one of the central themes of sociology
today (particularly among American sociologists). Include in your discussion the role that
diversity plays in bringing about change. (See pages 11-14)
4.
Compare and contrast the development of sociology in Europe with the development of sociology
in the United States. Identify the major theoretical contributors to each, and explain how unique
features of U.S. culture contributed to American sociology’s distinctive flavor. (See pages 14-19)
5.
Compare and contrast the major theoretical perspectives that exist in sociology today
(functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interaction). Note the distinctive features of each as
well as common criticisms of each paradigm. (See pages 20-22)
21