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Canisius College Department of Education Dr. Robert Nida Exam 1 EDE 100 September 24, 2015 Read each item carefully and select the response that best answers the questions (2 points each). 1. According to class lecture, child development follows age-related changes that are: a. random, integrative, and selective b. orderly, distributive, and interdependent c. orderly, directional, and stable d. in no specific pattern 2. The question of how heredity and environment influence each other to fashion the behaviors of children is closely related to which one of the following “issues in the study of development?” a. continuity-discontinuity issue b. nature –nurture debate c. one course of development or many d. how do various domains of development interact 3. According to class lecture, development can be described as systematic change which is a. primarily the result of environmental influences b. primarily the result of biological influences c. the result of a long interplay between biological and environmental influences d. none of the above 4. Which philosopher proposed the idea that children are naturally good and seek out experiences that help them grow? a. Jean Jacques Rousseau b. Stanley Hall c. Rene Descartes d. John Lock 5. Genetically programmed sequential patterns of change or the biological unfolding of the individual according to a plan in the genes? a. behaviorism b. inborn biases c. mental testing movement d. maturation 6. According to your textbook, _______________ are universal, that is, they are common to every individual in a species and are linked to specific ages (e.g., infants babble between 4 to 6 months and first words emerge between 10 and 14 months). a. normative age-graded changes b. history-graded changes c. non-normative changes d. inherited changes 7. A special time (i.e., the timing of experience) in development in which the developing organism (e.g., embryo or infant) is especially vulnerable to environmental influences or a special type of stimulation? a. bed time b. critical period c. behavioral stereotypes d. none of the above 8. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s perspective emphasizes that the child grows up in a complex social environment (e.g., the child is embedded in a series of social systems that extend well beyond the family)? a. ecological b. maternal c. maturational d. phenomenal 9. According to Emmy Werner and Ruth Smith and their study of the children of Kauai, some children are born with difficult temperaments, allergies, physical abnormalities, which are known as a. early circumstances b. unavoidable circumstances c. vulnerabilities d. slow-to-warm-up babies 10. Considering child poverty rates across Ethnic Groups in the United States (e.g., Figure 14.6), which one of the following ethnic groups has the highest rate of poverty (as measured by percentage)? a. Asian American b. Hispanic American c. African American d. American Indian 11. Compared to their better off peers, children living in poverty are more likely to experience greater rates of illness and disabilities, have lower IQ scores, and underperform in school. Researchers have concluded that a. constant poverty has a greater negative impact than occasional poverty b. rural children living in poverty are not as negatively affected by poverty c. infants and young children are more d. all of the above e. both A and C 12. According to studies of resilient and vulnerable children, such things as high IQ, competent adult parenting, effective schools, secure attachment relations, strong sense of identity, and optimistic outlook are known as key a. risk factors b. economic factors c. protective factors d. primary factors e. secondary factors 13. Martin and Martin’s book describes the ___________________ family as multigenerational, an interdependent kinship systems, an extended family network, and organized around a dominant figure. a. Hispanic b. African American c. Asian d. Pacific Islander 14. The _________ family is characterized by a number of cultural values such as preference for group participation, strong adherence to the family, avoidance of personal conflict, and a high value placed on personal relationships. a. Hispanic b. Asian c. African American d. Pacific Islander 15. Secure attachments, high quality parenting, good nutrition, good schools, establishment of friends, and out of home opportunities are variables that help predict a. optimal developmental pathways for children b. uncertain developmental pathways for children c. the developmental path to chronic delinquency d. happiness as an adult 16. Children that have personal resources, good social support, and that have managed to overcome adversities in life, and go on to live well are known as a. vulnerable children b. capable children c. resilient children d. happy children 17. According to lecture on biological influences, which of the following family members should exhibit similar scores on intelligence tests when taking into account their kinship and child rearing context? a. biological siblings reared together in the same home b. adoptive siblings reared together in the same home c. fraternal twins reared together in the same home d. identical twins reared apart in different homes 18. According to psychologist Jacques May, approximately ___ percent of children are like ________ dolls, that bend but don’t break in response to life adversities. a. 15; plastic b. 15; glass c. 15; steal d. 68; plastic 19. While investigating vulnerability and resiliency, Emmy Werner focused on the relationship between socio-economic factors and perinatal stress on the developmental “outcomes” of children. According to Werner, a “double whammy” was the result of a. resilient children in optimal environments b. children living in low income families having experienced moderate to severe perinatal stress c. children living in high income families having experienced low perinatal stress d. resilient children in fun environments 20. According to lecture, various abilities and skills (e.g., walking and babbling) that children acquire at certain ages (months, years) are referred to as developmental a. gradients b. highlights c. milestones d. domains 21. When the rate of development slows significantly and the impairment is severe enough to cause permanent damage (e.g., cerebral palsy, spina bifida), the result is often labeled as a a. developmental delay b. developmental anomaly c. developmental disability d. developmental psychopathology 22. Long strings of molecules that form a double helix, which looks somewhat like a twisted ladder, and contains segments of genes. a. deoxyribonucleic acid b. neurons c. phenotypes d. cilia 23. Geneticists refer to the set of actual observed characteristics of an individual as the______________. a. genotype b. phenotype c. body type d. intelligence type 24. Consider the following scenario: if the allele for dark hair is dominant (symbolized by capital D), whereas the one of blond hair is recessive (symbolized by lowercase b), the combination “Db” will produce a. red hair b. mousey brown hair c. blond hair d. dark hair 25. A type of recessive disease defined as the inability to neutralize the harmful amino acid contained in milk and many high-proteins, an may cause severe central nervous system damage and mental retardation? a. Sickle cell anemia b. Phenylketonuria c. Tay-Sachs d. Huntington’s chorea 26. One of the most common chromosomal disorders resulting from an extra chromosome on pair number twenty one. Associated features include intellectual impairment, distinct physical features (almond shape to the eye, flattened facial features, poor muscle tone and short stature)? a. Down Syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Fragile X d. Polygenetic syndrome 27. According to class lecture and film, very shy and inhibited children are wary of novelty, fearful, and slow to adapt to new situations. Jerome Kagan was one of the first to discover that these children also have different __________ nervous systems, as compared to uninhibited, outgoing children? a. voluntary b. central c. sympathetic d. post synaptic 28. According to class lecture (and text), Arnold Sammeroff and his colleagues examined the relationship between the accumulation of risk factors and child outcomes (e.g., intellectual development and academic achievement). These researchers found that precipitous and significant developmental declines start to occur when ______ stressors converge. a. 1 or 2 b. 3 or 4 c. 7 or 8 d. 8 or 9 29. Some researchers have discovered relatively stable, early-appearing constellations of individual characteristics believed to have a hereditary basis; such things as, activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition/anxiety, negative emotionality/irritability/anger, and effortful control/task persistence. These characteristics are known as key dimensions of a. a genotype b. intelligence c. niche picking d. temperament 30. The three phases of prenatal development, in order, are a. zygote, embryo, blastocyst b. zygote, embryo, fetus c. ovum, embryo, fetus d. ovum, fetus, embryo 31. The period of prenatal development that extends from roughly 9 weeks gestation to 38 weeks or full term? a. zygote b. embryonic c. fetal d. perinatal 32. Perhaps the most dramatic and obvious structure or organ system to emerge during the period of the embryo is the a. brain and central nervous system b. ears c. blastocyst d. lungs 33. The production and proliferation of ________ takes place between the 10th and 18th weeks gestation age, i.e., the prenatal period. a. endoderm b. vernix c. neurons d. lanugo 34. According to the graph depicting the sequence of critical periods of prenatal development, the period in which teratogens are most likely to cause major structural defects? a. fetal period b. germinal period c. embryonic period d. neonatal period 35. The age of viability generally refers to the ability of the fetus to survive outside of the uterine environment (womb) and viability can occur roughly between ________ weeks of gestation. a. 15 to 18 b. 23 to 27 c. 30 to 35 d. 35 to 40 36. The amnion and chorion are formed during what stage of prenatal development? a. sensory b. fetal c. germinal d. embryonic 37. “Organogenesis” (also known as formation or organs emerging) coincides with which of the following critical periods of prenatal development? a. fetal period b. germinal period c. embryonic period d. blastocyst period 38. A term referring to any environmental agent that causes damage to the embryo or fetus during the prenatal period is known as a a. gene b. prescription c. toxin d. teratogen 39. During the 1960s, ____________ was a powerful medication provided to expectant mothers. This medication was found to cause deformities of the arms and legs. a. thalidomide b. penicillin c. arithramycin d. tetracylcine 40. Stage one of labor is divided into three phases, in order they are? a. Transition, active, latent b. Active, transition, latent c. Latent, active, transition d. None of the above 41. One of the leading birth complications, due to the baby receiving an insufficient amount of oxygen, which may lead to brain damage? a. apgar b. dilation c. chorion d. anoxia 42. A set of birth defects that results when women consume large amounts of alcohol during most of all of pregnancy: mental retardation, slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and damage to some internal organs. This condition is known as a. anoxia b. phenylketonuria c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. phenyl-alcohol effect 43. The most common adverse side effect of nicotine exposure (e.g., smoking) during pregnancy, and having continual adverse impact during the last trimester of pregnancy? a. low birth weight b. heart damage c. motor skill irregularities d. poor vision 44. The vitamin, when taken during pregnancy, significantly decreases the likelihood of neural tube defects such as spina bifida? a. vitamin D b. copper c. folic acid d. vitamin E 45. A mineral that promotes the production of hemoglobin, a protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues. Infants that are deficient in this mineral may experience significant cognitive delay. a. vitamin D b. iron c. copper d. potassium 46. According to the Thomas and Chess model of temperament, babies that are initially inactive, show mild and low-key reactions to environmental stimuli (e.g., noise), is slightly negative in mood, but then adjusts slowly to new experiences? a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. reflective 47. According to the New York Longitudinal study conducted by pediatricians Thomas and Chess, which one of the following temperament classification places infants at-risk for subsequent behavioral problems? a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. reflective 48. Researchers have generally concluded that while temperament ___________ during childhood, personality (e.g., the Big Five) ___________ by adulthood. a. emerges; disappears b. is modifiable; is relatively stable c. is relatively stable; is modifiable d. none of the above 49. Activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition and anxiety, negative emotionality/irritability, and effortful control/persistence are temperamental dimensions which are widely accepted now and are associated with which researcher(s)? a. Werner and Smith b. Thomas and Chess c. Erikson d. Buss, Plomin, and Kagan 50. According to your textbook, The Big Five personality characteristic of agreeableness and openness/intellect is quite similar to which one of the following a. negative emotionality b. effortful control c. approach/positive emotionality d. rhythmicity