Download PLANTILLA PARA THUMBNAILS Producto o familia de productos

1. PLANTILLA PARA THUMBNAILS
Producto o familia de productos (ejemplo ‘Wine’)
Bioethanol
Uses
Nombre de tipo de proceso(ejemplo: fermentation of grape juice with chemical
stabilisation and without carbonation)
Prevalence
Summary
Process
options
Yield
Proprietary
processes
Co-products
By-products
Raw
materials
Energy
Air
Water
Waste
Odour
Other
2. . EJEMPLO DE THUMBNAIL
(iv) Bioethanol Bioethanol
Uses
Sugars (alcoholic) Fermentation
Prevalence
Summary
Motor fuel, additive for gasoline. Alcoholic
beverage. Solvent
Accounts for approx. 75 % of production
within the EU. Large-scale ethanol production
in Europe would rely mostly on wheat source.
Bio process: microbial (yeast) fermentation of
sugars,
C6H12O6 + yeast → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+ heat
followed by distillation, dehydration, and
denaturing (optional)
Process options
Sugar to ethanol is the common and simplest
route
Starch crops require hydrolysis of
carbohydrates to obtain glucose. Enzymes are
used to convert starch into sugar
(C12H22O11 +H2O + enzyme →2 C6H12O6)
Ligno-cellulosic feedstock require
biochemical conversion of hemicellulose into
sugars (saccharification of cellulose at demo
stage)
Ethanol may also be produced industrially
from ethylene. Addition of water to the double
bond converts ethene to ethanol:
C2H4 + H2O → CH3CH2OH
in the presence of an acid which catalyses the
reaction, but is not consumed
Yield
Each gram of glucose can produced 0.51 g of
ethanol +0.48g of CO2
280 litres of ethanol are produced from one
m3 of corn
9–12 % alcohol solution is obtained in
fermentation reactors
Proprietary processes
Cargill, Abengoa, Tereos, Ineos, Novozymes,
Genecor, Diversa
Co-products
CO2+biomass+ 2 mol of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) per glucose mole
DDGS (dried distillers grains with solubles:
fibre, protein) that can be used as feed for
livestock. 320 kilograms of DDGS per t/maize.
Animal feed that would contain phosphorous
and end in soil (manure)
Higher organic alcohols (fuel oils such as
propanediol)
By-products
Organic acids
@ low ethanol yield: formation of small
amounts of by-products such as glycerol and
succinate,
Sugar beet process: sugar beet pulp+dried
slop (animal feed or fuel)
Wet milling generates germ (50 % oil)
When hydrolysis is required: hexose may be
obtained as by-product
Raw materials
sugar cane, corn, wheat, sugar beet, barley,
bagasse, switchgrass, hemp, kenaf, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit,
molasses, stover, grain, straw, cotton, other
biomass,
Energy
20–10 MJ/litre (low value are modern dry
mill technology)
Purification of ethanol via distillation is
energy-intensive.
Milling is also intensive. Dryers+pelletiser of
DDGS and cookers also
Starch-based route consumes more energy
Recovery: CHP opportunities since process
heat is required at low temperature; biogas
from digester in WWT.
New high-pressure distillation systems have
reduced steam consumption by 40 % (3.0–4.2
kg of steam for every litre of 96 vol %
ethanol). Energy costs can be reduced by up to
80 % in low-pressure distillation columns by
using a vapour recompression system
Air
Use of a thermo-tolerant yeast and cellulolytic
enzymes in a combined saccharification
fermentation process is an advantage because
the optimum temperature for the hydrolysis of
cellulose is 45–50 ºC, and cooling problems
can be simplified during large-scale
fermentation.
VOCs are produced during fermentation,
distillation and drying. Thermal or