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Review Questions Ch 1-11
Answers for all questions should be full and complete both for credit and for them to be useful preparation for the
exam.
1. Describe the steps of the scientific method.
2. Define the terms hypothesis, theory, and law.
3. What are the common characteristics of all living things?
4. Describe the levels of organization of life beginning with the smallest living unit and progressing up in
complexity to ecosystems.
5. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
6. Describe the 3 types of molecular bonds. Which is strongest and which is weakest?
7. What properties of water make it important for life? Briefly describe each of these properties.
8. How are biological molecules formed? How are they broken down?
9. What is a plasma membrane? What is it composed of? What functions does it serve?
10. Define diffusion and osmosis.
11. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
12. Define Energy, Chemical Energy, and Work.
13. What are the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics and how do they impact growing complexity and
decreasing entropy in living things?
14. Describe the process of photosynthesis. What is happening at a molecular and atomic level?
15. Compare and contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions and explain how they are related in coupled
reactions.
16. Detail two coupled reactions involving ATP.
17. What are enzymes and how do they function?
18. What environmental factors effect enzyme function? How do they effect enzyme function?
19. How does photosynthesis convert solar energy into energy usable by cells? Be specific. What are the
chemical reactions?
20. What role does the color of photosynthetic pigments play in photosynthesis?
21. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Again be specific about reactions energy
requirements etc.
22. How is cellular energy stored?
23. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation. Once again be specific. What chemical
processes are occurring in each and how are those similar and/or different?
24. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held
together?
25. Compare and contrast chromosomes, chromatids, genes, and alleles.
26. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.
27. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
28. Without genetic testing how could you determine if an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a
specific trait (ie hair color)?
29. Describe three ways that genetic variability is increased.
30. Two fruitflies are bred. One is true breeding for red eyes and one is true breeding for white eyes. Red
eyes are dominant.
a. What will the genotype and phenotype of the offspring be?
b. If two of the offspring of the above match are crossbred what will the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring be?
c. How would the genotypes and phenotypes be different if red eye color was partially dominant
producing pink eyes when heterozygous?
d. If the red-eyed fruitfly has straight wings and the white-eyed fruitfly has wrinkled wings.
(Straight wings are dominant.) What would the genotype and phenotype of the offspring be?
31. Describe the process of DNA replication. What is meant by semiconservative replication? How are
continuous synthesis and discontinuous synthesis involved in the process?
32. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
33. Describe the process of transcription.
34. Describe the process of translation.
35. Describe the ways by which gene expression may be regulated.