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AHS Notes Chapter 10: Roman Artwork *Romans were more international: they made an effort to control the world, as they knew it Palestina – now known as Judea or Syria – where Hadrian began the Diaspora of the Jews Dacia – now known as Romania - north of the Danube – conquered by Tragean Macedonia – where Alexander the Great hailed from – not considered part of Greece *The Roman Empire stretched all over as far _____ as _____: o North – Scotland o East – India o South – Egypt o West – Spain All were unified by the mechanical knowledge that built ROADS! Also, all conquered peoples became Roman citizens REPUBLICAN PERIOD IMPERIAL PERIOD 509 BC – 30 BC 30 BC – 476 AD REPUBLICAN PERIOD Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia – 80 BC - Found by accident under a hill during WWII - Many different influences: o Eastern Bent axis approach (White temple @ Ur) Linear approach (Nile River symbolism) Elevated work (Ziggurat @ Ur) Cut into hill (Mortuary temple of Queen Hatsheptsut) Grandeur (Apadana) o Western Post & lintel construction Capitals Arch (predominantly Roman) Half columns for decoration Decoration of wall Tholos plan - Tholos plan - Built into hill, not on top like the Greeks o Terracing - - Poured concrete o Added to size possibilities of building o Arcuated space = more floor space Made to be experienced from inside out o As opposed to Greeks or Egyptians Utilized the arch Opus insertum – insertion work: pressing stones into concrete to add stability and strength Temple of the Sibyl @ Tivoli – early 1st century - Tholos plan, peripteral - Elevated - Corinthian capital - Garlands supported by Buchranea (ox heads) o Devoted to fertility - Cella = poured concrete o Opus incertum Temple of Fortuna Virilis – late 2nd century - More conservative o Not in tholos plan Frontal approach o Like Greek temple Ionic columns Pediment Dental moldings Engaged 1/2 columns Pseuedoperipteral - On a podium - Less boxlike, more elongated Barrel Vault – extension of arch continuously in a single direction - Covered space without obstacles o Could not put windows – very dark space Groin Vault – extension of two barrel vaults perpendicular to each other - Facilitates flow and movement of people in and out of a space Head of Roman – 80 BC - Seems much older (subject is old man) - Member of the senate: o High class citizen in Roman Society – of rich, long standing families – held the power in the city - - Verism = realism o No hint of idealistic features o Could expect to meet this man on the street o Very lifelike Record of deceased? Molded mask from dead body? o All wrinkles. Lack of hair, indentations of old age present Context – determined, disciplined expression o Encompasses the republican virtues No new ideas Matter-of-fact Practical 79 AD – Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius buries Pompeii and Herculaneum - 10,000 people in Pompeii - City was entombed o Preserved the daily lifestyle of Ancient Roman Inhabitants Time capsule effect Temple of Apollo @ Pompeii - Triglyphs and Metopes - Composite capitals: both Ionic and Doric Floor plan of a Roman Household - Solid walls with no windows added to a private characteristics of the walls o Private feelings - Interior walls were decorated to seem like they were outside o Painted-on scenes House of the Silver Wedding - Found in Pompeii - View from the vestibule/fauces - Corinthian capitals o Surround/provide support for impluvium Samnite House – 2nd century BC - Found in Herculaneum - View from the triclinium @ fauces - Front rooms o Usually rented out to merchants - Faux walkway House of the Vetii Brothers - View of the Peristyle court o Garden Liked to bring the outdoors inside to break up the monotony of the walls Cubicula from the House of Publius Fanius Synister – 50-40 BC - Found at Boscoreali - Private (bed room) - Not in situ - Frescoes on the walls o Break the monotony of a windowless wall space - Decorated in the 2nd style o Dematerialize the reality of the wall Seems like there is no wall present - Floor mosaic Wall from the Cubicula 1 point linear perspective Beginnings of, not exact process Tholos temple Illusionistic space 4 Main Styles of Roman Painting Masonry/Encrustation Style – 1st Style – 200-60 BC o Break the wall into several sections Gives richness to the wall o Imitate other types of materials (marble, wood) o Samnite House Architectural Style – 2nd Style – 60-20 BC o Dematerialize the wall through use of pictures Give 3d sense that wall is non-existent o Dissolution of the 2D surface appearance Use linear/aerial perspective Not completely accurate depiction o Includes architectural structures and garden landscape scenes o House of Publius Fanius Synister Ornate Style – 3rd Style – 20 BC-60 AD o Large fields of one color (Pompeian Red) o Framing returns emphasis on the existence of the wall Divide the walls into flat areas o Figures on the wall seem real, yet framing isolates them o Reed like columns o Upper section like that of the 2nd style Transitional style to the 4th style o Emphasis on leafy plant motif, delicate, lacy flowers o House of the Vetti Brothers @ Pompeii Intricate Style – 4th Style - 60-79 AD o Compilation of previous 3 styles o Geometric abstract o Middle – architectural style o “ - Ornate flat and delicate design, yet figures seem Illusionistic o Ixion Room Villa of the Mysteries – 50 BC - Architectural Style o Yet mostly made up of figures o Gives the sense of 3D space, not wall - Subject matter not understood o Believed to be an initiation into Dionysian cult - Close up: o Modeling of form to represent form: Shadow/reflections Foreshortening o Relate back to Hellenistic Period: Darius vs. Alexander Ulysses in the Land of the Lestrigonians – 20 BC - Atmospheric perspective o Indicates depth through blurring background nd - 2 style - Space dominates the figures o Roman characteristic Ixion Room - 4th style o Compilation of all 3 previous styles Geometric abstract (bottom) Middle = arch. Style “ = Ornate, flat, delicate design Still Life with Peaches – 62-79 AD - Roman preference for Illusionistic art o Realism (highlight on vase) - Cast shadow, modeling of form from light to dark - Not accurate o Vase Top ellipse – view from above Bottom ellipse – view from side The Old Farmer of Corycus – 400-425 AD - Illumination of story by Virgil - Emphasis on space, not figures o Subject includes aerial perspective - Like 2nd style o Like looking through a window - Virgil is illustrated as Corycus lectures his farmhands - Framing links to 3rd style IMPERIAL PERIOD 30 BC – 476 AD Augustus Primaporta – 20 BC - Stance: leading military charge? Giving speech to senate? - Aggressive stance - Divinity of birth (descendent from Venus) o Cupid riding on dolphin - Propaganda on chest plate/armor o Roman soldier conquering Parthian Displays accomplishments Like Sargon II - Tellus Mater = earth goddess = economic prosperity o Represents the Pax Romana, the prosperity of the entire Roman empire, from Spain to Asia - - Head seems classicized o Like Greek portraiture: idealized Eternally youthful (divinity) Geometric handling of upper head Lower half seems veristic Shoeless (Palette of Narmer) o Religious ceremony Ara Pacis Augustae – 13-9 BC - “Altar of the Augustan Peace” - Elevated altar - Frontal, center, linear approach - Half columns - Oxen heads (buchranea) support garlands inside = fertility/prosperity - Divided into sections o 1st style - Subject matter o 3rd style - Symbol for the prosperity of the empire achieved by Augustus Tellus Mater Relief Representation of peace Forerunner of the Madonna & Child motif Echo back to Nike fastening her sandals, and the three Kore High relief Like architectural style (2nd) Sense of space Perspectival feeling o Shallow carving seems further in background Aerial perspective Concern with roman “products” Animals Plants/crops Swan = Apollo Water = reference to universality Procession Aerial perspective = high relief o 2nd style Wet drapery method (link to Greek) Compare to Panathenaic Procession o Both stop 7 go o Contrapposto o Geometric vs. natural o Idealized vs. individualized o Deal with Illusionistic space Pont du Gard – 1st century BC - Made possible by concrete - Water flowed through aqueducts due to gravity - Post & Lintel construction wouldn’t have worked o Could not span long distances Compared to archuated architecture which could - Repetition and variation o Made bridge a work of art - One of many aqueducts all over Roman Empire Julio-Claudians (r. 27 BC – 68 AD) Augustus Caesar (Octavian) Tiberius All these emperors were related Caligula to Julius Caesar either by blood Claudius or marriage/adoption. Nero The Julio-Claudians wanted to combine the Greek idealism with Roman Verism. Flavians (r. 69 – 96 AD) Vespasian Flavius Titus Domitian Colosseum - Named Flavian Amphitheater - Could seat 55,000 + people - 1st story in the Doric order - 2nd story in the Ionic order o Engaged half columns Decorative, not useful o Barrel vaults to support the weight - 3rd story in the Corinthian order - Used as welfare venture: o Most of the Roman citizens were unemployed, so this gave them something to do with their days Portrait of Vespasian Flavius - Seems Republican in style (Verism) o Over all the head, not just portions o Desire to return to Republican ways Deny agelessness of Augustus Head of the Flavian Woman – 90 AD - Increasingly frequent expansion of subjects - Hairstyle: o Flavian = high on head o Juilo-Claudian = low and bunched in middle of head - Praxitilean quality: o Textural contrasts Hair vs. skin vs. clothing o Facial expression Mysteriousness - Deep drilling o Like Head of Odysseus Baroque style Arch of Titus – 81 AD - Commemorative work - Structure supported by arch o Columns are decorative Compare to Colosseum - Dentals on cornice - In & out 3d quality = baroque feel - In attic – says “SENATUS” o Building of arch had to be approved by senate - Commissioned by Domitian after death of Titus Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem – 81 AD o Depicts Roman legionnaires returning from Judea Carrying Menorah in their Litur Sense of movement/perspective o High relief o Some heads classicized, yet some specific Triumph of Titus – 81 AD o Titus being crowned by Victory Escorted by Honor and Valor = idealized Combinations of mythology and reality o Fasces: symbols of soldiers guarding Titus o Relate to Philoxenos – spears and weapons HIGH EMPIRE 98 – 192 AD Trajan – (r. 98-117 AD) o First emperor not born in Rome o Not related through blood to any emperors (adopted by Nerva – short rule during Flavian dynasty) Reputation of Military success – conquered Dacia o Very insightful for Roman people Forum of Trajan - East side – markets for the people - Linear approach in Forum to temple of deity o Basilica beforehand o Temple at back of forum Basilica Ulpia – 112 AD - Utilized both arch and post/lintel construction - Meant to be experienced from the inside out - Featured a clerestory Column of Trajan o Reflects news reel Propaganda for campaigns of Trajan’s army in Dacia o Height of column is the same amount of land that was removed to build the column 128 feet Symbolizes the triumph over man – Dacians and nature (removing hill) o St. Peter statue now atop – provided for the preservation of the column o People could see the column’s differing panels at different height and levels from the libraries Base of the Column Roman soldiers crossing the bridge Danube River River God looking on in surprise Scale dislocation? Perspective? Bridge constructed by strapping boats together Everyday duties depicted Change of scale: Growing medievalism? o Moving away from classicism Hadrian (r. 117-138) o Successor of Trajan Pantheon – 118-125 AD - Most notable achievement of Hadrian’s reign - What is ROMAN about it? o Dome = 360˚ arch o Experience from inside out No exterior decorations o Corinthian Capitals o Imperial Size Well preserved = converted to Christian church o Oculus Only source of light Confirmation of light – link with Jupiter Compare to temple of Ramses II o Coffered Dome Lighten the weight of dome Ocula removes the weakest point of the dome High elevation = lighter mixture of cement - Upper level sections: o Relate to first style – masonry style = sectioned off Floor also Slopes to center for a drainage sewer (rain) - Triangular/circular pediments o Synthesis b/n Greek and Roman - Baroque feeling with the niches o Project forward and backward Insula - Apartment block o Above stores - Many windows o Absences of atrium/Peristyle courtyard - No private bathrooms Bust of Hadrian – 117-138 - Flavian influence = deep drilling - Republican Verism - Beard o First time in Roman Art o Relate to Greek Hellenistic Art Antonines (138-192 AD) – reign signifies the beginnings of the end of the high empire Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161) adopted by Hadrian Lucius Verus (r.161-169) adopted by Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius (r.161-180) adopted by Antoninus Pius Commodus (r. 180-192) son of Marcus Aurelius Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius – 175 AD Marcus Aurelius was associated with the group of Stoicism (accepting ones fate) Quite opposite lifestyle due to his political position Figure too large for horse Medievalism Outstretch hand (Prima Porta) Giving blessing? Marcus Aurelius Sacrificing – 161-180 AD - Sense of somberness/seriousness o See great pressures of the position o Sense of portent in facial expression - High relief - All figures are bearded o Wisdom? - Sense of distance o Shallow sculpting for background - In relationship to specific location LATE EMPIRE 193-284 AD Severan (r.193-235) Septimius Severus (r. 193-211) Caracalla (r. 211-217) had his brother killed = ruthless king Severus Alexander (2. 217-235) Portrait of Caracalla – 211-217 - Turn of head to look behind o Growing insecurity Economic Political o Sense of insecurity/danger o Furrowed brow Worried expression Baths of Caracalla – 212-216 AD - Free for all citizens - Built to gain popularity – propaganda o Large space inside Symbolize great power - Coffered ceilings, clerestory - Adumbrated entablature blocks - Corinthian columns The Barracks Emperors (r. 235-284 AD) Succession of many rulers – through cout de tat – overthrow of the government Rulers supported by different factions of the army Philip the Arab - Furrowed brow - Seems troubled - Military man (short hair) - Growing concern for internal emotions on face Battle of the Romans and barbarians – 250-260 AD - From Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus - No sense of perspective - Anguish/pain on the faces of the soldiers - Mark of Mithras = leader is protected by it = no armor o Ark outstretched = leader of army - High relief Diocletian (r. 284-306) - Attempted to restore order and stability to Rome: o Persecuted the Christians o Divided empire in two halves o Retired to Split Palace of Diocletian @ Split - Symmetrical balance - On the coast of the Adriatic Sea o Faces both water and land Provide for two routes of escape - Synthesis of arcuated architecture with pediments - Baroque quality = concave vs. convex - Gables of Glorification- arch shapes as entrances o For circular envelope around person Single out the emperor Disk shaped deity forms The Four Tetrarchs – 305 AD - Losing individuality of people - No contrapposto - Sense of worry/fear o Barracks emperors o Opposed to Augustus Caesar, Marcus Aurelius - Sense of unity with each other - Egyptian outlook o Chamfered block Constantine (r. 306-337 AD) - First Christian Emperor - Passed Edict of Milan – religious toleration Triumphal Arch of Constantine – 312-315 - Commemorates the battle of the Milvian Bridge - Some sculpture cannibalized from earlier temples (2nd century) o More energized figures (contrapposto) Constantine wanted to be associated with the earlier great emperors Baths of Constantine – 310-320 - “Basilica of Constantine o Features a clerestory - Opus cementium – made using poured concrete o Like coliseum, pantheon, sanctuary of Fortuna primigenia - Use of cross barrel vaulting (groin vaults) - Arch provides space o Metaphor for the power/grandeur of Rome - Two exedra because left unfinished by Maxentius – narthex was original entrance o Entrance moved to long side by Constantine Portrait of Constantine - Colossal size o Return to principle of gigantism Emphasize authority/grandeur o 30 feet tall! - Emphasized notion of authority o Want to show power of Constantine after years of chaos o Lack of Verism in upper half of the head o Eyes seem remote, distant o Large eyes Sumerian worshippers of the Abu Temple *Tradition was reversed as Constantine converted to Christianity upon his death- instead of Christians being persecuted, they became the persecutors. * Aula Palatine – 310 BC - Royal audience hall - Now in Trier, Germany - Exedra on end - Engaged pylasters - Pioneered leaded paned windows - Vast, open space – could accommodate many people - System of steam heating – steam pumped through pipes in walls to heat during winter - Coffered, wooden ceilings