Download Goals for this class •A grasp of Outdoor Recreation in America •An

Goals for this class
•A grasp of Outdoor Recreation in America
•An understanding of recreation resource management
•Developing an understanding of different recreation activities & their impacts on the
resources
•Strategies for dealing with visitors to natural areas
Outdoor Recreation
•Outdoor recreation:
Encompasses the organized free-time activities that are participated in for their own
sake and where there is an interaction between the participant and an element of nature
In other words, natural component is important
•Outdoor Recreation professional?
Any person who has responsibilities for providing outdoor recreation opportunities and
managing outdoor recreation resources. And who
Two Dimensions of Outdoor Recreation
So, who deals with Natural Resources?
•Biologists
•Geologists
•Foresters
•Recreators
•Hydrologists
Views of life & natural resources
•Anthropocentric:
Hunan centered:
The human is the most important species on the planet and sees the resources as to be
used by us
Genesis 1-3
•Ecocentric:
Sees all life as equally important
•Where do you stand?
Where does outdoor recreation take place?
•Don’t say outdoors
•What types of ecosystems host outdoor recreation?
•What is an ecosystem?
Flora, fauna, water, air, earth & humans!
•All of these are interconnected and impact each other in some way/shape or form
Management!
•Ecosystem management approach:
“the skillful integrated use of ecological knowledge at various scaled to produce desired
resource values, products, services and conditions in ways that also sustain the diversity
and productivity of ecosystems”
In other words, the manager must look at all aspects of the ecosystem
Requirements for outdoor recreation
•Not all outdoor recreation must take place in remote areas
Urban-proximate parks
Greenways
City parks
•Outdoor recreation resources:
Natural resources and related facilities that make outdoor recreation possible.
“Land, water, mountains, forests, wildlife, and other outdoor elements useful for
recreational purposes”
Here we go again!
•What is leisure?
Two views
Leisure as a state of being
Leisure as an umbrella that encompasses all activities that can be considered (leisure,
play, recreation etc)
•What is recreation?
•What is play?
Leisure
•Leisure as free time
What is left over
•Leisure as activity
What you are doing
•Leisure as state of mind
Do you perceive what you are doing as leisure
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
•Leisure as state of being
Aristotle
•“absence of the necessity of being occupied
People are at their highest level when in leisure
Leisure
•How will we use leisure in this class?
•“leisure is a precondition for all recreational engagements and is the state or condition
where recreation becomes possible”
Recreation
•Recreation comes from recreare
Meaning to create anew or refresh
•Re-creation of mind body and spirit captures the essence of recreation
•Creation refers to the creation of peace, growth development and learning
Recreation
•Recreation can be defined as:
“an intrinsically rewarding experience that finds its source in voluntary engagements
during non-obligated time”
•Important components
Type of reward
Freedom to choose
Lack of “external time pressure”
Recreation experiences
Outdoor Recreation
•Outdoor recreation…is the wholesome recreation that is done without the confines of a
building”
•Outdoor recreation includes any sort of fun or enjoyment found in the outdoors that
involves resource use for any activities or series of activities of choice
Outdoor Recreation
•How the authors define outdoor recreation
•“recreation experiences that result from recreation activities that occur in and depend on
the natural environment”
Play & Leisure
•Play?
What is it?
•Leisure
Aristotle
•Amusive Activities, recreation & contemplation
Leisure & Recreation
A better view
Recreation in America
•When & why did Americans start embracing recreation?
•A quick history of America
Calvinist View of the world
Protestant work ethic
•Idleness is the devils playground
Recreation in America
•Growth of new forms of recreation
•America the Beautiful
New parks & expansion westward
•First National park (Yellowstone 1872)
Were two national preserves (Hot Springs & Yosemite Valley
Recreation in America
•Illinois became first state to establish a state park system in 1909 (Indiana in 1919)
•Depression era (WPA, CCC, CYC)
Built many “recreaiton” areas in the national forests & parks
•1940’s BLM formed
•ORRRC (1950’s & 60’s)
Human rights view
•1948 General Assembly of United Nations
“every citizen has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitations of
working hours, and periodic holidays with pay…and…the right to freely participate in
the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts…”
What was happening in America
•Increased Free Time
•Industrialization & Automation
•Urbanization
•Transportation
•Mobility
•What else?
Outdoor Recreation
•How the authors define outdoor recreation
•“recreation experiences that result from recreation activities that occur in and depend on
the natural environment”
Natural Resource Recreation and Resource Based Recreation
•These terms are used interchangeably with outdoor recreation
•Wildland recreation and forest recreation
OR that takes place in a particular setting
Wildland recreation:
•Natural based recreation:
Forest Recreation:
•Any outdoor recreation that takes place in a forested area
Tourism & Commercial Rec
•Natural Resources are “the very basis of much tourism”
•Some people consider outdoor recreation just another form of tourism
•A lot of OR is tourism based
Ski resorts
White water rafting
Ecotourism?
Ecotourism
•“The attributes of ecological and socioeconomic integrity, responsibility and
sustainability are qualities that may, or unfortunately may not, pertain to ecotourism as a
product”
•Definition P 13
Natural resource based tourism that focus on the local environment. It typically occurs
in natural areas…and should lead to conservation or preservation.
Adventure Recreation
•Also known as outdoor or risk recreation
•Can be defined as
“a variety of self-initiated activities utilizing and interaction with the natural
environment that contain elements of real or apparent danger, in which the outcome,
while uncertain, can be influenced by the participant and circumstances”.
Overlap of concepts
Outdoor Recreation Experience Model
•OR is best viewed from a social psychological perspective
•Expectancy theory
People engage in particular behaviors with the expectation the activity will meet their
particular needs and help them to achieve what they desire.
•Often referred to as the behavioral approach
Focuses on why people engage in OR activities
Outdoor Recreation Experience Model
Outdoor Recreation Experience Model (Recreators Perspective)
Outdoor Recreation Experience Model (Managers Perspective)
Outdoor Recreation Management
•OR Management:
providing opportunities for satisfying outdoor recreation experiences
while sustaining the health of the natural environments on which these opportunities
depend
•Looks at both the human dimension and natural dimension
Phases of and Outdoor Recreation Experience (Leisure)
•Anticipation
•Travel To
•On-Site Experience
•Travel Back
•Recollection
Play & Leisure
•Play?
What is it?
•Leisure
Aristotle
•Amusive Activities, recreation & contemplation
Leisure & Recreation
A better view
Recreation in America
•When & why did Americans start embracing recreation?
•A quick history of America
Calvinist View of the world
Protestant work ethic
•Idleness is the devils playground
Recreation in America
•Growth of new forms of recreation
•America the Beautiful
New parks & expansion westward
•First National park (Yellowstone 1872)
Were two national preserves (Hot Springs & Yosemite Valley
Recreation in America
•Illinois became first state to establish a state park system in 1909 (Indiana in 1919)
•Depression era (WPA, CCC, CYC)
Built many “recreaiton” areas in the national forests & parks
•1940’s BLM formed
•ORRRC (1950’s & 60’s)
Human rights view
•1948 General Assembly of United Nations
“every citizen has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitations of
working hours, and periodic holidays with pay…and…the right to freely participate in
the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts…”
What was happening in America
•Increased Free Time
•Industrialization & Automation
•Urbanization
•Transportation
•Mobility
•What else?
Chapter 2
Benefits of Leisure
•Change in a condition or state viewed as more desirable than previous one
•Maintenance of a desired condition and thereby prevention of an unwanted one
•Realization of a satisfying recreation experience
Play & Leisure
•Play?
What is it?
•Leisure
Aristotle
•Amusive Activities, recreation & contemplation
Leisure & Recreation
A better view
Recreation in America
•When & why did Americans start embracing recreation?
•A quick history of America
Calvinist View of the world
Protestant work ethic
•Idleness is the devils playground
Recreation in America
•Growth of new forms of recreation
•America the Beautiful
New parks & expansion westward
•First National park (Yellowstone 1872)
Were two national preserves (Hot Springs & Yosemite Valley
Recreation in America
•Illinois became first state to establish a state park system in 1909 (Indiana in 1919)
•Depression era (WPA, CCC, CYC)
Built many “recreaiton” areas in the national forests & parks
•1940’s BLM formed
•ORRRC (1950’s & 60’s)
Human rights view
•1948 General Assembly of United Nations
“every citizen has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitations of
working hours, and periodic holidays with pay…and…the right to freely participate in
the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts…”
What was happening in America
•Increased Free Time
•Industrialization & Automation
•Urbanization
•Transportation
•Mobility
•What else?
Chapter 2
Benefits of Leisure
•Two views of leisure
State of being
Broad umbrella term that encompasses most of what we do
•Leisure professional
One who specializes in the field of leisure
•Recreational professional
Specialization in a particular form of leisure (recreation)
Chapter 2
Benefits of Leisure
•BOAL (beneficial outcomes approach to leisure)
•Change in a condition or state viewed as more desirable than previous one
The change is positive for the individual, group, society, environment etc.
•Maintenance of a desired condition and thereby prevention of an unwanted one
i.e. parks protect certain areas therefore protecting them from future degradation
•Realization of a satisfying recreation experience
Benefits of Leisure
•Economic Benefits
International travelers spent $79.7 billion in US
American travelers spent $60 billion outside of US
Historical Context
•Outdoor Recreation History in our context
Periods of Outdoor Recreation History
•Frontier
•Acquisition
•Transfer and Disposal
•Reservation
•Custodial Management
•Confrontation and Partnership
Periods of Outdoor Recreation History
•Frontier
•Began with first settlements in “New World”
•“There is more” mentality
If the game ran out, there is always more out West
•Key legislature
Boston Commons
Great Pond Act
•Ended in 1890 with the declaration “there was no more frontier”
Acquisition Period
•From 1782 to the purchase of Alaska in 1867
•By 1867, 80% of “America” had been acquired
•Key figures
Thomas Jefferson
Lewis & Clark
Seward
Acquisitions
Transfers & Disposals
Reservation Period
•Key Figures
Olmstead
Muir
Audubon
Emerson, Thoreau
Roosevelt
Pinchot
Mather
•Conservation Movement
Custodial Management Period
•Key Figures
Pinchot
Mather
F. D. Roosevelt
•CCC, PWA
Confrontation and Partnership Period
•New Laws
•Increase in public participation
•Increased confrontation
Significant Events
•1782: U.S. Constitution establishes federal government as authorities to acquire public
lands
•1803: Louisiana Purchase
Five hundred thirty million acres purchased from France (Less than 5 cents an acre)
•1804: Public domain land granted to Ohio
First major federal “disposal” of public domain land
Significant Events
•1804: Lewis & Clark Expedition
•1805:
“Corps of Discovery” ordered by President Jefferson
To explore and establish US presence in the western part of North America
•P 49-51
Significant Events
Spiritual Aspects of Nature
•Three different views of Nature in America
Native American View
•Things are connected
Human & nature are interwoven & cannot be separated
Early settlers
•Nature is to be conquered
Transcendentalists
•Nature is revered and to be explored
Psychological Aspects The Natural Environment
•Here we go again?
So what is leisure?
•Perceived freedom
Deals with psychological aspects
A person does what she/he does because of a sense of freedom
Psychological Aspects
•Autotelic Activities
Activities that are meaningful in and by themselves (the activity has inherent meaning)
Does greater freedom lead to greater leisure?
Psychological Aspects
•Beneficial outcome
Recreation Experience Preference Scale (REP)
The reason one participates in an activity is for the positively valued benefit.
•Seeking/escaping
•Companionship
•Physical fitness
•Etc.
Psychological Aspects
•Personality
“continuous dimensions on which individual differences can be observed”
In other words, a persons personality may influence their leisure choices
•Personality along a continuum
Psychological Aspects
•Type T personality
Thrill seekers
Have a low physiological arousability
In other words, it takes a lot to get them excited
Will seek high levels or stimulus
•Small t personality
Polar opposite of Type T
Are easily stimulated and do not need high levels of stimulation.
Personality Traits
•Driver and Knopf (1977)
Personality Research Forum
•Personality traits probably influence choice of leisure activity
•Personality variables are related to the amount of leisure participation in a certain
activity an individual has
•Personality traits do influence how important certain types of outcomes are for a
particular recreator
Environmental Factors
•Experimental aesthetics
Structural or organizational qualities of the natural environment
•How are things arranged
•How neat are they packaged
•How much arousal does a particular environment evoke?
Environmental Cognition
•How is the environment perceived?
Environment is a source of information not just stimulation?
Prospect Refuge
What can this environment tell me?
•Does it contain certain aspects that I find desirable
Too many people
Not enough people
Too many scary critters
Behavioral Ecology
•How do people behave in environments?
Social
Environmental
Work
Kaplan and Kaplan
•The Experience of Nature
What is really going on?
Why are we drawn to nature?
How do we interpret the environment
•Prospect/Refuge
How do we process the environment?
•Information Rate
How much information we can ascertain from a given environment
In a crowded area, there is a lot going on
In a the natural environment, the information rate slows down.
Environmental Preference
•In the context of natural settings, those with human intrusions are less preferred than
those where nature dominates
In the wild, we don’t like to see human things!!
•Humans respond negatively to both high and low information enviornments
Wilderness again!!
•Humans used to see wilderness as a challenge (mainly for survival)
•Now it is seen as a challenge recreationally
•Quest for serenity?
At what point does wilderness travel/experience become tranquil or serene?
Motivation stuff
•What motivates an individual to participate in a certain activity?
Motivation stuff
•Instinct:
The capability to act so as to bring about a certain event
•But can instinct be attributed to outdoor recreation behavior?
Surplus energy
Relaxation theory
Teological theory
Recapitulation theory
Motivation stuff
•Drive
The attempt to reduce certain needs
Primary needs:
•Those necessary for survival
Secondary needs
•Those needs which stem from the primary needs
•So what about leisure needs?
Seeking/escaping, physical exercise etc.
Motivation stuff
•So what is the purpose in outdoor recreation?
Relaxation?
Catharsis?
Stimulation?
Leisure needs
•So, what is a leisure need
Ever changing
Involves change across situations under which needs change from before and after
participation
It is highly individualized (dependent on the person and time)
Maslow
Maslow
•So what does this tell us about wilderness activities
Answer, NOT MUCH!
•Why do we study it?
Because we are supposed to!
Satisfaction
•Satisfaction: ”the fulfillment of a need, desire, or appetite”
•Leisure satisfaction:
Derives from an activity which is perceived as intrinsically motivated because of a
person’s need to feel a sense of personal causation in his or her action”
What is that supposed to mean?
Satisfaction
•Leisure satisfaction:
Is what every you are doing getting you what you need (either felt or expressed)?
•How much does leisure satisfaction affect life satisfaction?
Motivation stuff
•What motivates an individual to participate in a certain activity?
Motivation stuff
•Instinct:
The capability to act so as to bring about a certain event
•But can instinct be attributed to outdoor recreation behavior?
Surplus energy
Relaxation theory
Teological theory
Recapitulation theory
Motivation stuff
•Drive
The attempt to reduce certain needs
Primary needs:
•Those necessary for survival
Secondary needs
•Those needs which stem from the primary needs
•So what about leisure needs?
Seeking/escaping, physical exercise etc.
Motivation stuff
•So what is the purpose in outdoor recreation?
Relaxation?
Catharsis?
Stimulation?
Leisure needs
•So, what is a leisure need
Ever changing
Involves change across situations under which needs change from before and after
participation
It is highly individualized (dependent on the person and time)
Maslow
Maslow
•So what does this tell us about wilderness activities
Answer, NOT MUCH!
•Why do we study it?
Because we are supposed to!
Satisfaction
•Satisfaction: ”the fulfillment of a need, desire, or appetite”
•Leisure satisfaction:
Derives from an activity which is perceived as intrinsically motivated because of a
person’s need to feel a sense of personal causation in his or her action”
What is that supposed to mean?
Satisfaction
•Leisure satisfaction:
Is what every you are doing getting you what you need (either felt or expressed)?
•How much does leisure satisfaction affect life satisfaction?