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Unit Two: Beginnings of Human Society Name: ___________________________________ Section 1: Prehistory Stone Age o Paleolithic Age: “_______ ________ _______” 2,500,000 B.C.E - 15,000 B.C.E o Mesolithic Age: “_________ _________ ________” 15,000 B.C.E. – 10,000 B.C.E. o Neolithic Age: “______ ________ _________” 10,000 B.C.E. - 3,000 B.C.E. Paleolithic o Humans were ______________ and ____________________. o They were ______________ - traveling in groups of _____________. o They made ___________, lived in ____________, created _________, and developed fire. Mesolithic o Humans started to _______________ their stone tools for ______________. o They started ________________ in one area ______ ______________ periods of time, but were still ________________ and ___________________. Neolithic o Humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to a ___________, ________________ _______ o They learned about ___________________and planted _____________ to grow ______________ o They made ____________ out of antlers, _________________, and stone o They also ___________________ wild animals and used them to _________________ the land. Agricultural Revolution o This transition from _________________ and ____________________ to the advancements of ___________________, led to the Agricultural Revolution. o Because of the _________ _________________ _______________ and more ________, large, settled ________________ emerged around the world. Section 2: Cities to Civilizations The next step in the development of ______________ ________________ is ______________________. Civilizations were advanced cities that had: o ____________________: safety/security, prevent chaos o ______________: to have a main central gathering place (govt, religion, markets) o ___________________: Connected to government, priests run the government, rulers say their power comes from: the gods o ______________ __________________: shows how people are grouped according to power/wealth. In early civilizations, people are grouped by what they do. o __________: the earliest art is created to show daily life activities (cave paintings), could be a form of expression o _______________: Record keeping. Births/Deaths, Laws Section 3: History and Geography of Mesopotamia River Valley Civilizations o _______________________ 3500 B.C.E o _____________ 3000 B.C.E o _____________ _______________ 2500 B.C.E o ______________ 3950 B.C.E. Geography o ________________ was located in the ________________ _______________, which is mostly a ____________ ________________, except for the land near the ____________ and ____________________ Rivers (Mesopotamia). o Because of this region’s _____________ _______________, shape, and the richness of ______________, it was known as the “______________ ________________.” History o Attracted by the ____________ ______________, people settled in _______________________. o Many city-states formed along the ___________and _______________Rivers in Mesopotamia. o They each had their own form of _______________, and the people ____________ ___________ _____________ and _________________. o Eventually, they each had their own _____________. o The first people to settle this area were the _________________, named after Sumer, the region where the ________ __________________ _____________. o With the fertile soil, ______________ was very _______________and the people cultivated plenty of _____________. o o o This meant the people could spend their time doing other things, like ____________ __________. Many also became ___________ or ___________________. The people of ____________________ developed a civilization _____________________ in building, __________________, and in the __________. Section 4: Government and Society Government o To solve their _________________, Mesopotamians required an ___________________ ____________________. o Each city-state had its own _____________, _______________, _____________ etc. o In the beginning, powerful ______________ held the _____________________l power. o ____________________ _____________________ eventually became the _________________, and passed rule to their _______________. o This created a new structure of _______________________ called a _________________- a series of rulers descending from a _____________ ___________________. Obstacles o As city-states began to ________________, the people were worried about ________________________, so they built ________________ (sun-dried mud) _______________ around their cities to ________________ themselves from ____________________. o ___________________ ____________________ occurred at least once a year, and during the dry __________________ months, crops needed proper __________________ _____________________. o The people of Mesopotamia had ___________________natural resources like ______________, _______________, and metal. They ________________ with other groups around them for the products they lacked. Mesopotamian Society o There were _________________ main classes in Mesopotamian society. Upper Class: ____________________, Warriors, __________________ Middle Class: Merchants, ________________, Craftsmen, ______________________, Farmers, Lower Class: _____________ and ______________________. o The Mesopotamians had a very _______________ justice system. “There was no room for _________________.” o They had an" ____________ ____________ _________ ______________” mentality, especially for the _________________ ________________ They felt they should act like the __________________, and be ________________for not doing so, while the _____________ ________________ may pay _______________instead. Section 5: Culture Invention of Writing o Writing first began in _________________ over _____________________ years ago, where __________________ began school at age 8. o Those who _________________ (at age 20) became professional ____________________ called ____________________. o ____________________ were the only people who could keep ________________ for the ________________ and ________________. o The records were kept very ______________________. o ________________________________ was the system of writing the _________________________________used. o The cuneiform script began as ______________________________. o Scribes used a sharp _________________ called a __________________ to etch words into ______________ ______________________. Other Important Discoveries o The _____________ ____________________ pulled by a _____________ ____________ o The use of the __________________ for ____________________and _______________________ o The use of ____________________ and __________________________ as sources of ____________________ for boats along the ______________________ o The use of _________________and ____________________to make cooking _____________________ and __________________ of ___________________ o Divided the _____________ into 12 regions ____________________ o Modern units of _____________ (60 seconds, 60 minutes) o ______________ degrees in a _________________ Religion o Mesopotamians worshipped _______ _______________, not just one. This belief in many gods is called _____________________. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods. o There were over ________________ gods people throughout ___________________________ worshiped. Enlil- god of ____________/_____________ o o o o Anu- _______ ____________ Enke- _____________ ____________ Inanna- god of ____________/_________________ Utu- god of ______________ Nanna- ______________ _____________ Adad- _________ _________ Mesopotamians worshiped their gods in temples called ___________________________. People believed ___________________ had _______________________ power. Ziggurats were built in the _________________________ of the city. They had _______________ and ___________________, and it was believed that the gods _____________________ to the Earth using the ________________________ as a ______________________. Section 6: The Persians and the Assyrians Assyrians o The _____________________ were people who lived in __________________, parts of the _____________ _________________, Asia Minor, ____________________, ____________________, and Egypt o The empire was established around ____________________________. o They were most known for making __________________and _____________________out of _________________. o They only lasted ____________________ before __________________________ tore them apart. o Government __________________ by a ________________ who had ____________________ power Had a group of _______________ ________________ that ran ____________________ Had a strong ________________________ system run by people _______________ __________________ where the _________________ ____________ __________________ for an answer from the ______________ was _____________ ____________________. The __________________ was held together by a ________________ ____________________ o Fall of the Assyrians The _____________ _________________ in the Assyrian Empire could not __________ ________________. They were ____________________ by the ___________________ and _________________ The ______________________ over-powered the __________________ and established a ______________________________ at _________________. Babylon fell to the ___________________________ in 539 B.C. Persian Empire o _________________was one of the most famous ______________________ leaders. o He ____________________ the entire ________________ ____________________ empire including ________________and __________________ making his _________________ the largest in the _________________ at the time. o Unlike previous ________________ of Assyria and Babylon, he had a ________________ for _____________. o The Persians had a ______________________religion. o Persian Collapse ____________________, like other places had a ____________________ government Cyrus’ son ___________________ began plans to _____________________ throughout _____________________ Darius lead an _______________________ _________________ to conquer _____________beginning in 490 B.C. Darius was replaced by __________________ and continued to ______________ what has become known as the _________________ _________________ o End of the Persian Wars Ironically, the ______________________ and __________________ who were _________________l enemies in _________________, worked together to defeat the _____________________. As depicted in the movie “_____________”, a small group of 300 _____________ ______________ fought a _______________ battle waiting for Athenian _____________________ which eventually _________________ the Persian army in 479 B.C.