Download Classification The assemblage of animals into groups based on

Classification
The assemblage of animals into groups based on
similarity is called classification.
Or science of classification is called taxonomy
Taxonomy deals with:
- Naming organism (Nomenclature)
- Placing of organism in the group ( Systematic)
Three type of classification
Natural- based on morphological similarity, phylogeny
etc. thus follows the Binomial nomenclature.
Artificial- based on appearance, habit and habitat eg.
Herbivore carnivore
Practical- based on utility eg edible & non edible, harmful
and useful etc.
Living being is classified into two kingdoms and five
kingdoms.
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Each classification has it s own advantages and
disadvantages. There is no single perfect classification.
The classification are design for our own convenience.
Biologist like Aristotle classified into Plants and animals,
thus he is the father of modern biology.
Carl Linnaeus, (1707-1778): introduce d the binomial
nomenclature
(Generic name starts with capital letter while specific
name starts with small letter e.g Homo sapiens)
Two kingdom classification:
I. Plantae
II. Animalia
Classification based on:
- Physical structure, size and shape
- Movement, locomotion, growth, nutrition,
reproduction, cell structure etc
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Advantages: It is quite clear in higher level organization.
Disadvantages:
1. Lower group organism are not clear put into groups
like Euglena, Lichen, Bacteria, blue green algae,
Sponges, Diatoms and protozoan etc.
2. These single celled animals are put into one group
but today it is very well known that single celled
animals are eukaryote and prokaryotes which are
very different from each other. Prokaryotes are
freely floats in the cytoplasm without nuclear
membrane. Eukaryotes have nuclear material well
bounded in the nuclear membrane.
3. The fungus is not animal but is a saprophyte and
non motile, thus necessitate for the five kingdom
classification
4. Virus link between the living and non living.
Living
non living
Have genetic materials
No enzyme system,
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Undergo mutation
and stored
can be crystallized
Reproduce using host machinery
structure
lack cellular
Five kingdom classification:
In 1982, Margulis and Schwartz proposed the five
kingdom classification
Today it is widely accepted. Classification is based on
complexity of structure, phylogenetic relationship, and
mode of nutrition
I. Monera (Prokaryotes)
- Prokaryotes like bacteria blue green algae etc.
- Lack DNA lining
Examples: Cynobacteria( blue –green bacteria),
heterotrophic bacteria etc
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Eukaryotes: All the kingdom are eukaryotes but except
the kingdom monera
II. Protoctista
- Unicellular eukaryotes like paramecium, amoeba,
euglena slim mould etc.
General characteristic of protozoan
1. Microscopic
2. Free living
3. Parasitic
4. Mostly aquatic
5. Unicellular asymetrical/ radially
symmetrical/bilaterally symmetrical
6. locomotion by flagella
7. respiration by diffusion
8. Holozoic/saprophytic/ holophytic
Class: Rhizopoda- with pseudopodia
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Order: Lobosa-podia short and blunt
Class: ciliophora-With cilia
Order:Holotrica-uniform cilia
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III. Fungi
- Multicellular eukaryotes includes moulds,
mushrooms,
IV. Plantae
- Multicellular eukaryotes, Autotropic, non motile
V. Animalia
- Multicellular eukaryotes, herterotropic, motile.
Disadvantages:
Heterotropic and autotropic forms are included in same
kingdom like Monera and Protoctista.
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Algae included in the protoctista but no distinction
between the multicellular and unicellular.
Animal kingdom
Nematoda
Cnideria
Arthopoda
Plateheminthes
Echinodermata
Annelida
Mollusca
chordata
Animal classification based on the following criteria:
1. Mobility: freely move and sedentary movement.
2. Habitat: Aquatic
i. Marine: pelagic, benthic, planktonic
ii. Fresh water
iii. Terestrial:
iv. Arboreal
v. Burrowing
vi. Cursorail
vii. Aerial
3. Amphibious
4. Parasitic: ecto-parasite and endo-parasite
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Minor phyla 18
All animals are classified under the following characters
Level of organization:
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
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Acellular grade: eg kingdom prtoctista
Cellular grade : eg Porifera
Tissue grade : eg coelenterata
Organ grade : eg platyhelminthes
Organ system : Nimahelminthes/Aschelminthes
Body plan:
Animals that develop a mouth from the indented space in the gastrula
are protostomes.
Animals that develop an anus from the opening in the gastrula are
deuterostomes.
Proteostomes :
- mouth forms first
-mouth form from blastophore
-determinate and spiral cleavage
-known as schizocoelomic
Dueterostomes:


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anus develop first
mouth form away from blastophore
determinate and radial
enterocoelomic
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Body symmetry:
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
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Assemetry
Spherical symmetry
Radial symmetery
Bilateral symmetry
Germ layer:
 Diploblastic
 Triploblastic
Body cavity:
Tube within tube plan: most of the animal (Dueterostomes and
proteosomes)
Animal are classified as:
 Acoelomate : porifera, coelenterata
 Pseudocoelomate: platyhelminthes,nimahelminthes
 Coelomate:
1. Schezocoelomate: Annelida,arthopoda and mollusca
2. Enterocoelomate : Echinodermata, chordata
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Body segmentation:
 True segmentation : annelid to chordata
 False segmentation( pseudosegmentation) : platyhelminthes
Skeletal system
 No skeletal system to exoskeletal system (all invertebrate)
Exo- skeletal system to endoskeleta system (all vertebrata)
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