Download Organized-Crime-9th-Edition-Howard-Abadinsky-Test

Chapter Two
Explaining Organized Crime
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1.
Merton conceived of organized crime as:
(c) – LO 1, p. 17
a. the result of sociopathic opportunism
b. adaptive innovation by educationally and financially disadvantaged elements
c. a normal response to pressures exerted on certain persons by the social structure
d. All of the above
2.
Merton used the term pathological materialism to describe:
(c) – LO 1, p. 17
a. the human compulsion for financial security
b. organized crime’s singular pursuit of financial goals
c. an American preoccupation with economic success
d. emphasis on goal achievement with little regard for the means of achievement
3. As a result of pathological materialism, the only factors limiting goal achievement
are:
(a) – LO 1, p.17
a. technical
b. moral
c. legal
d. All of the above
4. Which of the following results when numbers of people are confronted by the
contradiction between goals and means and become estranged from a society that
promises them in principle what they are deprived of in reality?
(b) – LO 1, p. 18
a. rebellion
b. anomie
c. psychological disorders
d. none of the above
5. Which of the following is not a mode of adaptation?
(d) – LO 1, p. 18
a. rebellion
b. retreatism
c. conformity
d. ignorance
17
6. Which of the following modes of adaptation includes organized criminal activity for
those who would play the game differently?
(a) – LO 1, p. 18
a. innovation
b. conformity
c. retreatism
d. rebellion
7. Who theorizes that all behavior—lawful and criminal—is learned?
(c) – LO 2, p. 19
a. Robert Merton
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Edwin Sutherland
d. Robert Agnew
8. ________________ theory argues that criminals organize their behavior according to
the norms of a delinquent or criminal group to which they belong or with which they
identify.
(a) – LO 2, p. 19
a. Differential association
b. Strain
c. Social control
d. Conflict
9. ___________ refers to a source of patterning in human conduct; it is the sum of
patterns of social relationships and shared meanings by which people give order,
expression, and value to common experiences.
(b) – LO 3, p. 20
a. Subculture
b. Culture
c. Norm
d. Social interaction
10. _____________ implies that there are value judgments or a social value system which
is apart from a larger or central value system.
(a) – LO 3, p. 20
a. Subculture
b. Culture
c. Norm
d. Social interaction
18
11. Central to the issue of culture versus subculture is/are ___________: group-held
prescriptions for or prohibitions against certain conduct.
(c) – LO 3, p. 20
a. communication
b. retribution
c. norms
d. social interactions
12. The ____________ is characterized principally by conduct that reflects values
antithetical to the surrounding culture.
(a) – LO 3, p. 20
a. delinquent subculture
b. mainstream subculture
c. conventional subculture
d. violent subculture
13. Who found that certain clearly identifiable neighborhoods maintained a high level of
criminality over many decades despite changes in ethnic composition?
(d) – LO 3, p. 20
a. Freud
b. Merton
c. Sutherland
d. Shaw and McKay
14. According to Shaw and McKay, the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized
criminality are transmitted:
(c) – LO 3, p. 21
a. through economic necessity
b. via formalized and ritualistic processes
c. culturally
d. all of the above
15. Inadequate familial socialization prevents some persons from:
(b) – LO 3, p. 22
a. progressing in an OC family to achieve “made guy” status
b. conforming to the conventional norms of the wider society
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
19
16. In order for an OC group to survive, it must have a/n _______________ process for
inducting new members and inculcating them with the values and ways of behaving
of the social system.
(a) – LO 3, p. 22
a. institutionalized
b. marginalized
c. culturized
d. none of the above
17. Which of the following is defined as recognized ecological niches whose inhabitants
form cohesive groupings and seal themselves off through the efforts of delinquent
gangs, restrictive covenants, and a forbidding reputation?
(b) – LO 3, p.22
a. dangerous neighborhoods
b. defended neighborhoods
c. protected neighborhoods
d. conventional neighborhoods
18. Leaders of organized criminal enterprises maintain formal and informal political,
economic, and religious ties that provide:
(c) – LO 4, p. 22
a. legitimate opportunities
b. illegitimate opportunities
c. both illegitimate and legitimate opportunities
d. an illusion of respectability
19. Who of the following notes that the American preoccupation with economic success,
coupled with socioeconomic stratification, relegates many persons to an environment
wherein they experience strain?
(d) – LO 4, p. 23
a. Merton
b. Sutherland
c. Freud
d. Cloward and Ohlin
20. In the ___________ subculture, one finds activities in which drug usage is the
primary focus.
(a) – LO 3, p. 24
a. retreatist
b. conflict
c. criminal/rackets
d. rebellion
20
21. In the _________ subculture, one finds gang activities devoted to violence and
destructive acting out as a way of gaining status.
(b) – LO 3, p. 24
a. retreatist
b. conflict
c. criminal/rackets
d. rebellion
22. In the _______ subculture, one finds gang activity devoted to utilitarian criminal
pursuits, an adaptation that begins to approximate OC.
(c) – LO 3, p. 24
a. retreatist
b. conflict
c. criminal/rackets
d. rebellion
23. _______________ refers to those processes by which the community influences its
members toward conformance with established norms of behavior.
(d) – LO 5, p. 25
a. Anomie
b. Strain
c. Social conflict
d. Social control
24. Which of the following is not an external restraint?
(b) – LO 5, p. 25
a. public disapproval
b. rehabilitation
c. shaming
d. ostracism
25. Which of the following is an internal restraint?
(a) – LO 5, p. 25
a. superego
b. shaming
c. ostracism
d. social disapproval
26. According to ___________ theory, each successive immigrant group experienced
strain to which some members reacted by innovating in accord with a tradition that
had been established by earlier American entrepreneurs.
(a) – LO 6, p. 28
a. Ethnic succession
b. Strain
c. Social control
d. Differential association
21
27. Clinical psychology is based, to various extents, on psychoanalytic theory, a body of
work fathered by:
(c) – LO 7, p. 36
a. Merton
b. Sutherland
c. Freud
d. Durkheim
28. Central to the psychoanalytic explanation for crime is the __________, a consciencelike mechanism whose function is to restrain the person from antisocial behavior.
(b) – LO 7, p. 36
a. id
b. superego
c. ego
d. superid
29. Persons with ________________ have a poorly developed superego—they are
psychopaths or sociopaths—who are restrained only by the fear of punishment that
alone cannot exercise adequate control over antisocial impulses.
(d) – LO 7, p. 36
a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. psychosis
d. antisocial personality disorder
30. According to behavioral psychology, behavior is acquired through ______________-a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior--that
occurs through interaction with the environment.
(a) – LO 8, p. 37
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. education
d. all of the above
True and False
1. True or False? French sociologist Émile Durkheim originally developed the concept
of anomie in the early twentieth century.
(F) – LO 1, p. 17
2. True or False? Alexis de Tocqueville described pathological materialism as an
American preoccupation with economic success.
(F) – LO 1, p. 17
22
3. True or False? Merton identifies five modes of individual adaptation to the
phenomenon of anomie: ritualism, rebellion, retreatism, conformity, and innovation.
(T) – LO 1, p. 18
4. True or False? According to Sutherland, all behavior—lawful and criminal—is
learned.
(T) – LO 2, p. 19
5. True or False? During the 1920s and 1930s, Merton found that certain clearly
identifiable Chicago neighborhoods maintained a high level of criminality over many
decades despite changes in ethnic composition.
(F) – LO 4, p. 20
6. True or False? Anomie alone can explain participation in OC.
(F) – LO 1, p. 24
7. True or False? As the only theory developed to explain the continued existence of
OC, ethnic succession posits that OC provides a “queer ladder to success” for
disadvantaged groups who eventually leave OC, making way for the next wave.
(T) – LO 6, p. 28
8. True or False? Paul Reuter theorizes that having established a dominant position, an
unchallenged monopoly of force, the Jews from Eastern Europe can depend on its
fearsome reputation, an asset that can be substituted for personnel costs that would be
incurred by maintaining armed forces.
(F) – LO 6, p. 27
9. True or False? According to ethnic succession, persons involved in OC are not
committed to a deviant subculture but are merely using available, albeit illegal,
opportunity to achieve economic success.
(T) – LO 6, p. 28
10. True or False? Zips have been particularly active in heroin trafficking.
(T) – LO 6, p. 33
Fill in the Blank
1. Anomie suggests a strain between societal expectations for success and limited
opportunity drive cause certain persons to innovate in the form of OC.
LO 1, p. 17
2. According to differential association, all behavior—lawful and criminal—is learned
in intimate personal groups, although learning the techniques of sophisticated
criminality requires the proper environment.
LO 2, p. 19
23
3. The theory of differential opportunity notes that illegitimate opportunity for success,
like legitimate opportunity, is not equally distributed throughout society and access to
criminal ladders of success are no more freely available than are noncriminal
alternatives.
LO 4, p. 24
4. According to social control theorists, delinquent acts result when an individual’s
bond to society is weak or broken and the strength of this bond is determined by
external and internal restraints.
LO 5, p. 25
5. As the only theory developed to explain the continued existence of OC, ethnic
succession posits that OC provides a “queer ladder to success” for disadvantaged
groups who eventually leave OC, making way for the next wave.
LO 6, p. 28
6. Central to the psychoanalytic explanation for crime is the superego, a conscience-like
mechanism whose function is to restrain the person from antisocial behavior.
LO 7, p. 25
7. The connection between the criminal organizations of southern Italy—Mafia,
Camorra, ’Ndrangheta—and American organized crime are the Zips.
LO 6, p. 33
8. According to differential association theory, the principal part of learning occurs
within intimate personal groups.
LO 2, p. 19
9. Conditions of severe deprivation with extremely limited access to ladders of
legitimate success result in collective adaptations in the form of delinquent
subcultures.
LO 3, p. 24
10. External restraints include social disapproval linked to public shame or social
ostracism and fear of punishment.
LO 5, p. 25
Essay
1. Discuss the three delinquent subcultures distinguished by Cloward and Ohlin.
LO 3, p. 24
2. Explain how entry into organized crime can be characterized by differential
opportunity.
LO 4, pp. 23-25
24
3. Discuss what is meant by the term “ethnic succession” when we are referring to
organized crime.
LO 6, p. 27
4. Discuss how the Zips affected ethnic succession in organized crime when they
immigrated to the New York Metropolitan area.
LO 6, p. 33
5. What are Merton’s five modes of adaptation? Why is innovation most important
when studying organized crime?
LO 1, p. 18
6. How does social disorganization explain why OC is more likely in certain
neighborhoods?
LO 3, pp. 19-20
7. How is social control theory different from other sociological theories? How does
social control theory explain the existence of organized crime?
LO 5, pp. 25-26
8. Discuss psychoanalytic theory and its implications on organized crime.
LO 7, p. 36
9. What is behavioral psychology? How does behavioral psychology explain organized
crime?
LO 8, pp. 37-38
10. According to the theory of social disorganization, explain why organized crime is
more likely in certain neighborhoods.
LO 3, pp. 20-22
25