Download Tuberculosis: One of the world`s deadliest airborne infectious

Tuberculosis: One of the world’s deadliest
airborne infectious diseases.
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GLOBAL IMPACT
The bacteria usually attacks the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine,
lymphatic system and intestine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.
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INF-WTB-UK-V1
In 2013, 9 million people fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease.
An estimated
US $8 billion
per year is required to ensure
a full response to the global TB epidemic.2
2nd
TB is second to HIV/AIDS as the
greatest killer worldwide due to
a single infectious agent.1
TB occurs in every part of the world.2
About one-third of the world's population has latent
TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are
not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease.2
Picture Represents Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
HOW TB SPREADS
RISK FACTORS
FOR TB5
CURRENT TESTING
It’s estimated that 37 million lives
were saved between 2000 and 2013
through effective diagnosis and treatment.3
Persons who have been recently infected by TB
bacteria, and are at higher risk of progression
to active TB disease, this includes:
TB is spread from person to person through
the air. When people with lung TB cough,
sneeze or spit, they propel the TB bacteria
into the air. A person needs to inhale only a
few of these bacteria to become infected.3
VS
LATENT TB
.
ACTIVE TB DISEASE
Latent TB Infection1
TB bacteria are dormant (asleep)
in your body.
You don't look or feel sick.
Your chest x-ray usually is normal.
You can't spread TB to other people.
• Close contact to a person with infectious
TB disease
Two tests are available
• Persons who have emigrated from areas of
the world with high rates of TB
• Children less than 5 years of age who have
a positive TB test
• Groups with high rates of TB transmission,
such as homeless persons, injection drug
users, and persons with HIV infection
• Persons who work or reside with people who
are at high risk for TB in facilities or
institutions such as hospitals, homeless
shelters, correctional facilities, nursing
homes, and residential homes for those
with HIV
Persons with medical conditions that weaken
the immune system, this includes:
• HIV infection (the virus that causes AIDS)
• Substance abuse
TST: Tuberculin Skin Test
•
Method for detecting Mycobacterium
tuberculosis infection
•
Purified protein derived from
TB bacteria is injected under the
skin and produces a delayed
hypersensitivity reaction if the person
has become infected
Blood Test for TB
(such as the T-SPOT®.TB test)8
•
Newer method in which blood is drawn
for testing, measuring the response
by T cells to TB-specific antigens
•
No interference from prior TB vaccine
LIMITATIONS
OF TST9
BENEFITS OF THE
TB BLOOD TEST
Low sensitivity, high rate of false
negatives, especially in
immunosuppressed and
immunocompromised patients
Higher compliance for healthcare workers:
Clearance to work faster: from
(such as the T-SPOT®.TB test)
• Silicosis
Active TB Disease1
• Severe kidney disease
• Low body weight
TB bacteria are reproducing and spreading
in your body, causing tissue damage.
• Organ transplants
You usually feel sick.
Typical symptoms include: cough,
weight loss, night sweats, and fever.
A chest x-ray and other tests are needed
to diagnose TB disease.
• Medical treatments such as corticosteroids
or organ transplant
If the TB bacteria are in your lungs or
airway, you may spread TB to other
people by coughing, sneezing, talking,
or singing.
• Head and neck cancer
• Specialized treatment for rheumatoid
arthritis or Crohn’s disease
About 10% of TB cases
globally are linked to
diabetes.6
10%
13.18 days down to 5.916
Compliance increased from
77% to 97%7
Low specificity, high rate of false positives,
and poor ability to discriminate between
people who had BCG vaccine and those
with TB infection.
Quick resolutions: One visit with results in
24-48 hours from receipt of specimen8
Need for multiple visits: Up to 33% fail
to return to have test read
Laboratory test not affected by health
care worker perception or bias.7
Results are subjective and open to
interpretation
High sensitivity and specificity 7
References 1. http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/hiv/. 2. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf?ua=1. 3. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/.
4. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf?ua=1. 5. www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm" www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm. 6. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/diabetes_tb.pdf.
7. Tuberculosis Screening of New Hospital Employees: Compliance, Clearance to Work Time, and Cost Using Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays. Foster-Chang SA, Manning ML,
Chandler L., et.al Workplace Health & Safety. 2014 Sep 9:1-8. 8. Package Insert (PI-TB-US-V4) (PI-TB-IVD-UK-V2). 9. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_01_02/2001tbmanual.pdf.