Download CIRCULATORY/RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Chap

NAME…………………………………………………………………..DATE…………….….PER……………..
AP Biology
ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION TEST REVIEW II
Ch. 42, 47, and 48
MUSCLES (Chap. 42)
1. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the major types of muscles (skeletal, cardiac , and smooth).
2. Review the cellular mechanisms which produce contractions in a skeletal muscle. Including
myosin/actin/tropomyosin/troponin interaction, the significance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca++
movement, and the use of ATP in muscle contraction.
3. Describe the characteristics of fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers and the characteristics of
individuals that might possess them.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Chap. 47)
1. Describe the major function of the following endocrine glands: Pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal
gland, testis, ovary.
2. Identify the gland of production and the major effect to the body of the following endocrine hormones:
Glucagon, insulin, thyroxin, oxytocin, progesterone prolactin FSH, LH, epinephrine (adrenaline),
testosterone ADH.
3. Explain the general difference between protein based and lipid hormones and their ability to enter a cell.
Explain the general principle behind the amplification of the message of a hormone molecule inside a
target cell.
4. Review the concept of a feedback loop.
5. Describe how changes in metabolic rate, epinephrine production, and capillary blood flow would
influence the maintenance of body temperature in animals.
6. Review the menstrual cycle and the general role hormones and the corpus luteum play in the
maintenance of the female reproductive system during a pregnancy and during non-pregnancy.
7. Where do you find the primary oocyte?
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (Chap. 48)
1. Distinguish between non-specific and specific body defenses (1st, 2nd, and 3rd lines of defense) in
humans and give examples of each type.
2. Review the functions of the leukocytes and lymphocytes that are listed on the review sheet you
completed in class.
3. What is the difference between a humoral response and a cellular response and the types of cells
involved in each?
4. Where are blood cells produced? Where do lymphocytes mature?
5. Explain the function of the proteins in the Complement System.
6. Review the summary of the B-Cell immune response (notes pg.6) and the T-Cell immune response
(notes pg. 8) and the summary of the general immune response (notes pg. 9).
7. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies. Describe how the body produces antibodies to inactivate
many possible antigens.
8. Describe the role of antigens and antibodies in blood transfusions.
9. Outline the steps of the inflammatory response in the body.
10. How does HIV cripple the immune system and what ultimately causes death from AIDS?