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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 CHAPTER SUMMARY The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern complacency about a quick victory. George McClellan and other early Union generals proved unable to defeat the tactically brilliant Confederate armies under Lee. The Union naval blockade put a slow but devastating economic noose around the South. The political and diplomatic dimensions of the war quickly became critical. In order to retain the border states, Lincoln first de-emphasized any intention to destroy slavery. But the Battle of Antietam in 1862 enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and turn the struggle into a war against slavery. Blacks and abolitionists joined enthusiastically in a war for emancipation, but white resentment in part of the North created political problems for Lincoln. The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West and Gettysburg in the East finally turned the military tide against the South. Southern resistance remained strong, but the Union victories at Atlanta and Mobile assured Lincoln’s success in the election of 1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes. The war ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a tremendous cost to both North and South. GLOSSARY - To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms: intelligence - In military affairs or diplomacy, specific information about an adversary's forces, deployments, production, and so on. reconnaissance Operations designed specifically to observe and ferret out pertinent information about an adversary. proclamation An official announcement or publicly declared order. flank The side of an army, where it is vulnerable to attack. court-martial A military court or a trial held in such a court under military law. garrison A military fortress, or the troops stationed at such a fortress, usually designed for defense or occupation of a territory. morale The condition of courage, confidence, and willingness to endure hardship. pillaging Plundering, looting, destroying property by violence. tribunal An agency or institution (sometimes but not necessarily a court) constituted to render judgments and assign punishment. running mate In American politics the candidate for the lesser of two offices when they are decided together - for example, the U.S. vice presidency. Explain Lincoln’s hopes at the start of the Civil War? (pg. 453) ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would (pg. 453) A) lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond. B) bring an end to slavery. of the South. D) pull the Border states out of the Confederacy. E) all of the above. Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) the Battle of Bull Run, (C) Lee's surrender at Appomattox, (D) the Battle of Antietam. C) destroy the economy (B) the Battle of Gettysburg, What were the consequences of The South's victory at Bull Run in 1861 (pg. 454) ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. 1 In what way was the Union's defeat at Bull Run a blessing in disguise? (pg. 454) _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________. Describe the temperment and overall characteristics of George B. McClellan? (pg. 454-55) _______________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of (pg. 454) A) taking too many risks. B) relying on Lincoln's military judgment. C) being unconcerned about the morale of his troops. D) not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle. E) consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him. Describe the irony associated with the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign? (pg. 456-57) ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________. After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except (pg. 456) A) cutting the Confederacy in half. B) marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas. C) blockading the Confederacy's coastline. D) liberating the slaves. E) bypassing the Confederate capital at Richmond. At what point during the Civil War did the Union strategy turn toward “total war”? (pg. 457) _____________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. The final Union war strategy included all the following components except (pg. 457) A) guerrilla warfare. B) a naval blockade. C) undermining the Confederate economy. D) seizing control of the Mississippi River. E) capturing Richmond. Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because (pg. 458) A) Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war. B) the British government clearly supported the Union. C) it would have been useless to try to run the blockade. D) profits were not high enough to justify the risk. E) the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments. Explain how the Confederates were almost able to break the Union blockade? (pg. 459) _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. What happened to General George McClellan after halting Lee's troops at Antietam? (pg. 459) ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. What act of carelessness led to a Union victory at Antietam? (pg. 459) _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were? ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________. 2 Chapter 21 Test Review worksheet (continued) What affect did the North's “victory” at Antietam have on President Lincoln? (pg. 459) ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________. What did the Emancipation Proclamation specifically accomplish? (pg. 460-61) _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________. The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army (pg. 463) A) a month before the war ended. B) at the beginning of the war. C) as a response to the Emancipation Proclamation. D) to help in the attack on Gettysburg. E) in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong. What were Robert E. Lee’s purposes for launching his invasion North through Pennsylvania? (pg. 464) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain the results and significance of the Battle of Gettysburg: (pg. 464-66) ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain why the Union victory at Vicksburg was so important? What were the results. (pg. 467) ___________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain the consequences of General William T. Sherman's style of warfare? (pg. 468) ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________. In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the ________________________ party. (pg. 470-71) Who was Abraham Lincoln's running mate in the 1864 election? (pg. 471) _____________________________________ In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated ____________________ _________________________ to oppose Lincoln's reelection. (pg. 471) In what way was Sherman’s victory in Atlanta significant to the election of 1864? (pg. 472) _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Describe General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War (pg. 473) ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 During the Civil War, Grant lost one man to every ___ , and Lee lost one man to every ___. (pg. 473) A) 10, 5 B) 5, 10 C) 5, 20 D) 2, 10 E) 5, 2 Why did many people in the South come to feel that the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was a calamity for the South? (pg. 475) __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________. The Civil War resulted in which of the following? (pg. 476) A) expanded federal powers of taxation B) the end of nullification and secession first federal social welfare agency D) the end of slavery E) all of the above C) the creation of the Essay Questions: You will be required to respond to one of these essay questions on the Exam Which of the following do you think was the most significant battle of the Civil War: Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg? Why? The Civil War has also been called the “War Between the States” and the “War for Southern Independence.” Which of the three titles do you find most fitting? Why? Assess the validity of the following statement, “the Emancipation Proclamation was a proclamation without emancipation.” 4