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THE BERWICKSHIRE HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCES FACULTY
S1 Science: Biology Topic Summary Sheet
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Viewing Cells
__________ are the building blocks of all organisms.
To view cells, you must use a _____________. Label the ___________ below:
To view cells under a __________________ you must prepare a _________ of
the cell. To see the structures within the cell, it is usually necessary to use a
_____________.
Animal and Plant Cells
Animals and plants are made up of different types of cell:
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The different cell components have different functions:
Name of structure
Function
Animal, plant or both?
Controls the activities of
the cell.
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Contain chlorophyll and are
the site of photosynthesis.
Stores sap and provides
support.
___________________ are needed for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is where plants react _____________ and _______________
together to make _______________ and ________________. To do this,
they need _________________ and _____________ from the sun.
This reaction can be shown in a word equation:
_____________ + ____________
______________ + ______________
The _________________ and _________________ are called raw materials.
Specialised cells
Specialised cells have a special structure which relates to their specific
function e.g.

Red blood cells have a large _____________ and they have no
__________ to maximise space so that they can carry the maximum
concentration of ______________ around the body.
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
Sperm cell have a _______ to allow them to swim, have a head full of
___________ to allow them to fuse with the egg and have a collar to
provide lots of ___________.

Egg cells are large and full of food to provide ___________.

_______________ are long and thin to allow messages to be passed over
long distances.
DNA and Inheritance
DNA contains the genetic instructions which control the development and
function of all known living organisms.
DNA is found in the _________________ of a cell.
A ________________ is a section of DNA which controls an inherited
characteristic e.g. ___________________ and _____________________.
___________________ are single pieces of coiled DNA containing many genes.
Different organisms might have different:

______________ of chromosomes

______________ of chromosomes

alleles of ______________ on chromosomes
Humans have _______ chromosomes in each cell ( _______ pairs). ________
of these came from the father and _________ came from the mother.
An ______________ trait is a characteristic passed from the parents to the
offspring or child through genes.
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___________________, the ability to role your tongue and ______________
are examples of inherited traits.
_________ is the molecule responsible for controlling inherited characteristics.
A ____________ square can be used to predict the chances of offspring
inheriting particular characteristics:
♂
♀
Genes can be represented as letters. For the gene which is _______________,
a capital letter is used e.g. _____ ; for a gene which is ________________, a
lower case letter is used.
The different combinations of genetic cross could be:
AA x AA
100% of offspring will have the _____________ characteristic.
AA x Aa
___ of offspring will have the ______________ characteristic
and ___ of offspring will have the ____________ characteristic.
Aa x Aa
___ of offspring will have the ______________ characteristic
and ___ of offspring will have the ____________ characteristic.
Aa x aa
___ of offspring will have the ______________ characteristic
and ___ of offspring will have the ____________ characteristic.
aa x aa
100% of offspring will have the _____________ characteristic.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes in a human are called the ________
chromosomes. This pair determine if a person is __________ or ___________.
For females, the gene pair is _______. For males, the gene pair is ________.
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__________ ___________ is the identification of individuals on the basis of
their respective DNA profiles.
DNA profiling can be used to help in the following situations:
 Paternity
 Siblings
 Immigration
 Criminal justice
 Insurance
 Inherited diseases
DNA can be extracted from fruit by following the steps:
1. Mechanically breaking up the cells
2. Dissolving the membranes using __________________.
3. Precipitating the DNA using __________________.
Micro-organisms
Micro-organisms are living things which can only be seen using a ___________.
The three main types of micro-organism are: ______________,
____________ and _______________ (protests can also be classified as
micro-organisms).
Micro-organisms can be found in most environments such as work surfaces, air,
water and the body.
Examples of situations where micro-organisms are useful include:

Bacteria – _______________ and sewage treatment

Viruses – _____________________

Fungi – making _____________ or bread
Examples of situations where micro-organisms are harmful include:

Bacteria – _______________, tetanus

Viruses – ______________, polio

Fungi – ______________________, thrush
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To grow, micro-organisms require:
1. Food
2. _________________
3. A suitable _________________
Micro-organisms reproduce rapidly. Increasing temperature _______________
the rate of growth of micro-organisms, up to a certain point, where after the
micro-organisms are ________________.
Micro-organisms are present on our bodies. When we sweat, they use chemicals
in the sweat as ________________, producing unpleasant smelling chemicals.
Micro-organisms are more common in particular environments. When we go to
the toilet, they can spread to our hands and then, if we are preparing food, to
the food, where they will multiple. Such situations can lead to us becoming
___________.
Measures that can be taken to remove micro-organisms include (in __________
order of effectiveness):

Washing surfaces with water

Washing surfaces with _____________________________

Inoculation
Examples of everyday situations where we should try to remove micro-organisms
include:

Washing on a regular basis and regularly after exercise

Using an anti-bacterial soap for our hands after going
_____________________________ and in cleaning ____________
________________ surfaces

Sterilising surgical equipment using very high ___________________.
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