Download Lecture Test 4 2011

LectureTest42011
Biology 315: Lecture Test 4, Spring 2011
Directions: Fill in the best single answer for each question on your scantron
sheet. Write Version 1 or 2 in space K of the “Special Codes” section of your
scantron and fill the corresponding bubble underneath space K.
E. Key 1. Circle the correct statement about the parts of the uriniferous
(kidney) tubule.
A. Reabsorption is when the proximal and distal tubules pump some waste
molecules from the blood into the lumen of the kidney tubule.
B. Secretion is when the proximal and distal tubules reclaim good ions and
molecules by pumping them from the tubule into surrounding capillaries.
C. Urea is actively secreted into the urine by cells of the collecting
tubules.
D. Proximal tubules perform reabsorption and secretion but distal tubules do
not.
E. Filtration occurs within the renal corpuscle.
A. Key 2. Choose the FALSE statement about the anatomy of the kidney.
A. The renal pelvis (pelvis of the ureter) lies in the pelvic region of our
body, near our bladder.
B. The renal hilum is medial to the renal sinus.
C. A renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular (Bowman’s)
capsule.
D. A uriniferous (kidney) tubule consists of the nephron and collecting duct.
E. Renal corpuscles are in the renal cortex.
B. Key 3. What does a juxtamedullary nephron have that a cortical nephron does
not have?
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. a long loop of the nephron, deep in the medulla
C. renal corpuscle
D. ascending limb of the loop of the nephron
E. glomerulus
C. Key 4. Cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Choose the
FALSE statement.
A. The proximal-tubule cells have long and dense microvilli, to increase
surface area for absorption and secretion.
B. Both kinds of cells have folds in their lateral and basal plasma membranes,
to provide membrane area for holding lots of enzymes involved in reabsorption
and secretion.
C. Distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria than do proximaltubule cells.
D. Both these kinds of cells have more mitochondria than do other, more
“average” cells of the body, because these kidney cells require lots of
energy.
E. Both are ion-pumping cells.
B. Key 5. Which part of the kidney’s filtration barrier (=filtration membrane)
lies closest to the glomerular-capsule space and farthest from the capillary
blood?
A. juxtaglomerular apparatus
B. slit diaphragm
C. basal lamina
D. tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the glomerular vessels
E. pores in the endothelial cells of the glomerular vessels
E.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 6. What cells have slit diaphragms and pedicels?
Sertoli cells
follicular cells in the ovarian follicle
Kupffer macrophages
principal cells in the epididymis
podocytes
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 7. The peritubular capillaries of the kidney . . .
are the same as vasa recta.
are located in both the renal medulla and renal cortex.
branch from the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus.
receive molecules that have been reabsorbed from the filtrate.
form the blood filtrate that will ultimately become urine.
A. Key 8. After the collecting-duct cells bind to ADH (antidiuretic hormone),
they respond by ...
A. becoming more permeable to water.
B. producing a more dilute (watery) urine.
C. producing a greater quantity of urine.
D. secreting glucose into the urine.
E. reabsorbing proteins.
D. Key 9. Choose the FALSE statement about transitional epithelium.
A. It is part of a mucous membrane (mucosa).
B. It is a stratified epithelium.
C. One of its functions is to let the bladder stretch as it fills with urine.
D. It lines the bladder but not the ureters.
E. One of its functions is to act as a barrier, preventing poisonous urea from
diffusing into the bladder wall.
C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 10. Where is an arcuate artery located in the kidney?
next to each major calyx
in a medullary pyramid
along the border beteen a renal pyramid and the adjacent cortex
within the renal capsule
next to each minor calyx
C. Key 11. Choose the correct location of these urinary or reproductive
organs.
A. Bladder is posterior to the vagina in the pelvis.
B. Ovaries lie in the posterior wall of the pelvis where the aorta forks into
the right and left common iliac arteries.
C. The primordial germ cells first form in the lining of the yolk sac.
D. The embryonic gonads first form in the pelvis region.
E. Ductus deferens is in the abdomen, in the same vertical plane as the
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
D. Key 12. A person has a urinary-tract infection that first enters the
urethra, and then, untreated, it spreads up the whole urinary tract. Choose
the correct order in which the infection spreads.
A. urethra to bladder to ureter to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis
to renal medulla and cortex.
B. ureter to bladder to urethra to renal pelvis to minor calyx to major calyx
to renal medulla and cortex.
C. urethra to ureter to bladder to major calyx to renal pelvis to minor calyx
to renal medulla and cortex.
D. urethra to bladder to ureter to renal pelvis to major calyx to minor calyx
to renal medulla and cortex.
E. bladder to renal pelvis to major calyx to minor calyx to ureter to renal
medulla and cortex.
A. Key 13. A physician examines a 20-year old male patient and finds that his
left testis is not in the scrotum but up in his inguinal region (inferior
abdomen, just deep to the anterior abdominal wall). What can be said about
this patient?
A. That testis is sterile.
B. The testis used to be in the scrotum but it was pushed up into the inguinal
region by trauma.
C. The man can voluntarily move that testis down into the scrotum by
contracting his anterior abdominal muscles.
D. He is likely to develop prostate cancer.
E. He has a hernia (inguinal hernia).
E. Key 14. In the testis, which of these is NOT a spermatogenic cell (that is,
not in the series of germ cells that become spermatozoa)?
A. spermatogonium
B. late spermatid
C. spermatocyte
D. early spermatid
E. sustentacular (Sertoli) cell
B. Key 15. Choose the FALSE statement about the testis.
A. Its seminiferous tubules make sperm.
B. The main function of the blood-testis barrier is to keep blood-borne toxins
from leaking out of testicular capillaries and poisoning the valuable spermforming cells.
C. Interstitial cells (of Leydig) are in the connective tissue between the
seminiferous tubules, and they secrete testosterone.
D. It is connected to the epididymis.
E. Myoid cells squeeze sperm through the seminiferous tubules into the rete
testis.
E. Key 16. Choose the FALSE statement about the duct of the epididymis.
A. It is thin but long (6 meters) and coiled.
B. Ejaculation of sperm starts here, not from the testis.
C. Sperm take a long time to travel through it.
D. Its secretions prepare sperm to swim and to fertilize an oocyte.
E. It has very long cilia, called stereocilia, which beat to move sperm
through this duct.
B. Key 17. Prostate. Besides its compound tubuloalveolar glands, the prostate
also has _______________ inside of it.
A. ductus deferens and epididymis
B. fibromuscular stroma and ejaculatory ducts
C. the bulbourethral glands
D. the efferent ductules
E. a skeletal muscle called the prostaticus, which squeezes out the secretion
during ejaculation.
C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 18. From which glands do most prostate cancers arise?
bulbourethral glands
mucosal glands of the prostate, posterior to the urethra
main glands of the posterior and lateral parts of the prostate.
submucosal glands of the prostate
urethral glands
A. Key 19. Which male-sex structure contributes most of the volume of the
semen (the ejaculate)?
A. seminal vesicle
B. seminiferous tubules
C. duct of the epididymis
D. bulbourethral gland
E. prostate gland
D. Key 20. What is the homologue, in the male, of the female’s vestibule of
the vagina?
A. scrotum
B. glans of penis
C. corpus cavernosum
D. lumen of penile urethra
E. entire penis
C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 21. Precisely where in the penis is the penile urethra located?
glans only
in a corpus cavernosum
in the corpus spongiosum
dorsal to all the erectile bodies
ventral to all the erectile bodies
C. Key 22. What is the correct arrangement of the three openings in the female
perineum, from anterior to posterior?
A. vagina, urethra, anus
B. anus, urethra, vagina
C. urethra, vagina, anus
D. urethra anus, vagina
E. vagina, anus, urethra
C. Key 23. Choose the FALSE statement about the ovarian cycle.
A. It lasts for an average of 28 days.
B. Ovulation normally occurs in the middle of the cycle, around day 14.
C. Progesterone is secreted during the first two weeks of the cycle.
D. Follicles mature during the first two weeks of the cycle.
E. After ovulation, the remains of the follicle become the living corpus
luteum, which later dies and becomes a corpus albicans.
B. Key 24. The ovary ovulates its “egg” (oocyte and corona radiata) into:
A. the uterine tube
B. pelvic peritoneal cavity
C. into its own medulla region, where the egg enters a large blood sinusoid
and flows onward from there
D. the cavity of the uterus
E. into the mesovarium
C. Key 25. Choose the best description of a mature follicle in the ovary
(right before ovulation).
A. oocyte and cuboidal follicular cells
B. oocyte and squamous follicular cells
C. oocyte, huge antrum, granulosa cells, zona pellucida, and corona radiata
D. oocyte, antrum, granulosa cells, and zona pellucida
E. oocyte, granulosa cells, and zona pellucida
E. Key 26. Choose the WRONG statement about theca cells in the ovary.
A. contribute to the corpus luteum after ovulation.
B. theca cells occur in females only, but they make male sex hormones
(androgens).
C. form a case on the outside of the growing follicle.
D. the outer theca cells contain myofilaments, like smooth-muscle cells.
E. they become the corona radiata, as they lie closest to the oocyte.
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 27. Choose the WRONG match between the organ and its lining epithelium.
vagina: simple columnar
uterine tube: simple columnar
major calyx: transitional
duct of the epididymis: pseudostratified columnar
thyroid follicle: simple cuboidal
A. Key 28. In the wall of the uterus, the layer that contracts to expel a baby
during childbirth is:
A. myometrium
B. endometrium
C. perimetrium
D. parametrium
E. decidua
D. Key 29. What moves an oocyte or new embryo through the uterine tube to the
uterus?
A. suction is generated in the uterine tube by rhythmic contractions of the
wall of the uterus.
B. the many sperm that don’t fertilize the oocyte turn around and push the
embryo medially.
C. enzymes from the acrosomes of sperm signal the zona pellucida (“egg shell”)
to contract and squeeze the embryo through the oviduct like a bullet from a
gun.
D. the beat of cilia and contraction of smooth musculature.
E. the oocyte and embryo crawl like an amoeba.
D. Key 30. Choose the WRONG statement about the secretory phase of the uterine
cycle.
A. It occurs at the same time that the corpus luteum is present in the ovary.
B. The uterine glands are secreting a glycoprotein-rich product to nourish a
new embryo in the uterus.
C. The uterine glands look wide and they spiral, rather than being straight
rectangles.
D. It occurs right after the menstrual phase and right before the
proliferative phase.
E. If there is a pregnancy, the secretory-phase endometrium becomes a decidua.
B. Key 31. Choose the WRONG statement about the menstrual phase of the uterine
cycle.
A. It usually lasts about four days.
B. The entire thickness of the endometrium is shed.
C. Spiral arteries constrict, which kills endometrial cells by oxygen
starvation.
D. The menstrual flow not only includes the shed endometrium but also blood
from open arteries in the raw uterine lining.
E. It follows the secretory phase, which follows the proliferative phase.
E. Key 32. Trace an ejaculated sperm from the male system through the female
system. Note: the correct answer may tell only part of the sequence, but all
the other answers have serious errors.
A. sperm into vagina to uterine tubes to urethra to uterus
B. epididymis to seminal vesicles for storage, to peritoneal cavity to testis
to penis to vagina.
C. testis to efferent ductules to rete testis to male urethra to female
urethra to ovary.
D. epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory ducts to bladder to uterus
E. male urethra to vagina to uterus to uterine tube
D. Key 33. What is the function of the cervical glands in the uterus?
A. Secrete a sugar that is converted to lactic acid in the vagina, so the
vagina lumen is acidic and resists growth of bacteria.
B. Secrete nutrients for the embryo and fetus.
C. Secrete a hard plug that keeps the fetus in the uterus, preventing
premature birth.
D. Secrete a mucus that fills the cervical canal and covers the external os,
to prevent vaginal bacteria from spreading up into the uterus.
E. Their secretion is bloody, comprising about half of the menstrual flow
every month.
A. Key 34. A woman presents to her doctor with dimpling on the skin of both
her breasts that resembles the peel of an orange. What is the doctor’s
concern?
A. It indicates contraction of the suspensory ligaments in the breast, a
symptom of late-stage breast cancer.
B. It shows the woman is allergic to the saliva of her suckling baby.
C. It shows that the woman’s areolar glands are not lubricating properly, so
the breasts are becoming chapped by the baby’s sucking.
D. The dimpling is goosebumps, representing a sustained sympathetic panic, so
the woman needs immediate psycological counseling.
E. The glands inside the breast are infected (mastitis), causing lumps and
dimples in the overlying skin.
C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 35. All these vessels supply (or drain) the breast, except:
tributaries of some posterior intercostal veins
branches of the internal thoracic artery
brachial artery
branches of some posterior intercostal arteries
lateral thoracic artery
E. Key 36. Anatomists and clinicians use bones of the skeleton to mark the
levels of various organs in the body. Choose the correct level.
A. Hilum of the kidney is at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
B. Thyroid gland is at the level of the third thoracic vertebra.
C. A woman’s ovary is at the level of the second lumbar vertebra.
D. Inferior border of the kidney is at the level of the second segment of the
sacrum.
E. Male nipple is at the level of the fourth intercostal space.
A. Key 37. Which layer of the placenta is being described? It is the
mother’s contribution, its cells have the mother’s DNA, and it is richly
vascularized.
A. decidua
B. extraembryonic mesoderm
C. cytotrophoblast
D. syncytiotrophoblast
E. villus
D. Key 38. What happens to the placenta at the time of birth?
A. It stays in the mother’s uterus and is removed by phagocytic cells in the
endometrium.
B. It pushes out through the mother’s umbilicus (navel), and is then called
the afterbirth.
C. The baby swallows it just before passing through the birth canal, so the
newborn will have nourishment until the mother starts making milk a few days
later.
D. It follows the baby out, after someone tugs on the umbilical cord and pulls
it from the mother’s uterus.
E. It is defecated by the mother, and is then called the meconium.
E. Key 39. Choose the correct location of the endocrine gland or endocrine
cells.
A. epinephrine-secreting cells: adrenal cortex.
B. parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin: parathyroid gland.
C. pars nervosa: anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
D. interstitial cells of Leydig: pars distalis
E. neuroendocrine cells (= neurons that secrete hormones): hypothalamus
B.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Key 40. What is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis?
pars distalis
pars nervosa
pars tuberalis
chromophobe cells
pars intermedia
A. Key 41. Hormones: Choose the WRONG function.
A. parathyroid hormone: signals osteoclasts to slow down their bone-dissolving
rate.
B. luteinizing hormone: triggers ovulation.
C. MSH: targets pigment cells in the skin to darken skin.
D. prolactin: targets gland cells in the breast to make milk.
E. TSH: signals secretion of thyroid hormone.
B. Key 42. Choose the correct path leading to the secretion of growth hormone.
Note: ‘GH’ means growth hormone, and ‘GHRH’ means growth-hormone releasing
hormone.
A. When epiphyseal plates are not growing fast enough, they secrete GHRH into
the blood, and GHRH signals the adenohypophysis cells to release more GH.
B. Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete GHRH into primary capillary plexus,
GHRH travels in hypophyseal portal veins, leaves secondary capillary plexus
and signals adenohypophysis cells to secrete GH.
C. Neurons of the supraoptic nucleus secrete GHRH into the cerebrospinal fluid
of the third ventricle, and from there, the GHRH signals adenohypophysis cells
to secrete GH.
D. Adenohypophysis cells secrete GH into the primary capillary plexus, GH
travels up hypophyseal-portal system to the hypothalamus, where GHRH activates
the GH.
E. Hypothalamic neurons innervate adenohypophysis cells, and nerve impulses
signal these adenohypophysis cells to secrete GH into the adenohypophyseal
capillaries.
B. Key 43. What is the function of the secondary capillary plexus in the
hypophyseal portal system?
A. receives oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
B. delivers releasing hormones to the acidophil and basophil cells of the
adenohypophysis; also receives the adenohypophyseal hormones from these cells
C. neurons secrete releasing hormones into this plexus
D. delivers nutrients and oxygen to the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic
nuclei
E. delivers ACTH, GH, MSH, prolactin, TSH, LH and FSH to the acidophil and
basophil cells of the adenohypophysis.
D. Key 44. Neurohypophysis: Choose the correct statement.
A. Its microscopic structure resembles that of the thyroid gland, with
follicles filled with colloid.
B. The neurohypophysis originates from the roof of the embryonic mouth.
C. One of its hormones is prolactin.
D. Oxytocin is secreted here.
E. The releasing hormones are secreted in its pars nervosa.
D. Key 45. Thyroid gland: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. The follicle cells secrete thyroid hormone (TH), in response to thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary.
B. Colloid, in the center of the follicles, contains thyroglobulin.
C. Both follicle cells and parafollicular cells secrete hormones into
capillaries that lie between the follicles.
D. It is contained inside the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, whose cartilage
forms a shell around the thyroid gland.
E. The main thyroid hormone (TH) targets all cells of the body, to stimulate
an increase in our metabolic rate.
D. Key 46. The hormones that help us to cope with the stress of studying for
exams and writing big papers in college are secreted by the . . .
A. parathyroid gland
B. thyroid gland
C. skin epidermis
D. adrenal cortex
E. DNES cells in the gut lining
E. Key 47. Circle the FALSE statement about the adrenal cortex.
A. In its zona glomerulosa, the aldosterone-secreting cells are arranged in
spherical clusters.
B. In its zona reticularis, its steroid-secreting cells are arranged in a
network of branching cords.
C. In its zona fasciculata, its cells secrete glucocorticoid hormones.
D. Like other endocrine glands, the adrenal cortex has a rich blood supply.
E. Cortisol is a mineralocorticoid, which primarily targets the distal-tubule
cells in the kidney.
E. Key 48. Which of these endocrine cells contains an abundant smooth
endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and mitochondria with tubular cristae?
That is, which is a steroid-secreting cell?
A. follicle cell in the thyroid
B. any endocrine cell in the parathyroid gland
C. any endocrine cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
D. cell in the adrenal medulla
E. any endocrine cell in the adrenal cortex
A. Key 49. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt warned about the danger of binge
drinking (of alcohol). What was the danger to which he referred?
A. It causes birth defects in pregnancy, such as fetal alcohol syndrome.
B. It damages the kidneys, especially their active proximal-convoluted-tubule
cells, and can lead to kidney failure.
C. It destroys liver cells, which are needed to activate both Vitamin D and
growth hormone.
D. It preferentially kills neurons in the hypothalamus, disrupting the
secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which can cause infertility in
both women and men (this was during his story about spring partying and spring
fever).
E. It leads to severe dehydration because alcohol inhibits production of
antidiuretic hormone.
E. Key 50. In one demonstration, Dr. Mallatt used a cardboard tube, of the
type that supports a roll of wrapping paper. What did this tube represent?
A. pars tuberalis
B. uterine (Fallopian) tube
C. urethra (but not the paired ureters)
D. infundibulum of the pituitary
E. spermatic cord