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Biology 2 – Study Guide # 1
Chapters 24, 25 & 26 – Macroevolution and Systematics
What are the two main points of Darwin’s book? What is microevolution? Macroevolution? What are the two theories of
macroevolution? What is gradualism? What is punctuated equilibrium? What is a biological species? What is a ring species? What
is allopatric speciation? What conditions favor allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation?
What is autopolyploidy?
Allopolyploidy? What is a hybrid zone? What are the three outcomes? (Know examples) What is the origin of novelty?
(exaptations) What is evo-devo? What is allometric growth, heterochrony, paediomorphosis, paediogenesis? What are hox genes
(homeotic genes)? Homeobox? How do evolutionary trends behave?
Chapter 17 – Viruses
Know the structure of viruses. Know how viruses replicate. Know the viral genome structure. What are bacteriophages?
What are the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles? Know the information give on HIV virus. What are the treatments?
Chapter 27 – Bacteria & Archaea
Know the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Know how bacteria reproduce asexually and through genetic combination. (binary
fission, transduction, transformation, conjugation). What different methods are used to classify bacteria? Know the different shapes
of bacteria. Know how gram staining is done and how to read a test. Why do they stain those colors? Know the oxygen requirements
seen in bacteria. Know the different types of feeding adaptations seen in bacteria. What is nitrogen metabolism? Nitrogen fixation?
Know the classification of bacteria and the different groups and species we discussed in class. Know the different symbiotic
relationships discussed in class. What is the difference between exo and endotoxins? What is bioremediation? Know Koch’s
postulate.
Chapter 28 – Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
Know the characteristics of eukatyotic cells. What are the two theories on how they come about? Know the classification of
“protista” given in class. Know the four supergroups. Know their characteristics. Be sure you can identify all of the characteristics
found in each clade. (Hint: remember that lower clades have the characteristics of the higher clades they are included in)
Chapter 31 – Fungi
Know the general information on fungi. What general characteristics are related to animals? Know fungal reproduction.
(asexually and sexually – karyogamy, syngamy, plasmogamy) Know the fungal classification. Know the life cycles of zygomycetes,
ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. What are deuteromycetes and why are they called imperfect fungi? Where are they classified
now? What are mycorrhizae? What are lichen? What are the ecological impacts?