Download Appendicular Skeleton made up of the and their ______

Appendicular Skeleton
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made up of the ______________ and their _______________
_________ appendicular skeleton:
o ___________ bones
o Pectoral girdle + upper limbs
______________appendicular skeleton:
o Pelvic girdle + lower limbs
o _________ bones
Upper appendicular
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
 Attaches upper limbs to the body trunk
 consists of ______________and _____________________
 ____________________ points for ___________ that move the upper limbs
o allows for maximum movement
o Not as _________________ as pelvic girdle
Clavicles (Collarbones)
 ______________ bones
 Function:
o Provide attachment points for numerous muscles
o act as ____________ to hold the scapulae and ____________ out laterally
____________ from the ______________
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
 _______________ bones
 ____________ cavity - socket of the ______________ joint is shallow (humerus articulates)
 Scapulae have three __________ and three ____________:
Boarders
Angles
-____________ boarder
-____________ boarder
-_____________ boarder
-_____________ angle
-_____________ angle
-_____________ angel
The Upper Limb
 The upper limb consists of the
o arm (brachium)= __________________
o forearm (antebrachium)= ___________ & ______________
o hand (manus)= _____________, _____________ & _________________
 _________ bones form _____________ upper limb
Interosseous Membrane
 _____________________ membrane= “between bones”
 A ___________________ that connects the two forearm bones along their entire length
o Ligament: Band of regular _________________ tissue that connects bones to each
other
Bones of the Forearm
Ulna
 The _______________ bone in the forearm
 slightly ________________ than the radius
 Elbow= _________________ process of ulna
o Forms joint with the humerus
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“funny bone”= the ___________________ which runs across top of olecranon
Radius
 Lies________________ to ulna
 ______________ around when turn palms down (_______________)
Carpus (Wrist)
 Consists of__________ bones
 Proximal row (lateral to medial):
o ________________ (‘boat-shaped’)
o ______________ (‘moonlike’)
o _______________ (‘triangular’)
o _______________ (‘pea-shaped)
 distally are the:
o _____________ (‘little table’);
o ______________ (‘4-sided’)
o _____________ (‘head-shaped’);
o _____________ (‘hooked’)
Metacarpals
 Form ______________
 numbered (________) starting at thumb (pollex)
 “____________” articulate with phalanges
 At base articulate with the carpals
Phalanges (Fingers)
 miniature ____________ bones
 Each hand contains _________
 Fingers are numbered 1-5
 finger= 3 phalanges –
o _____________, _________, and ____________
o Exception: thumb has _______ middle phalanx
Lower appendicular
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
 Hip= a pair of bones os coxae, or ____________
 Fused anteriorly=________ symphysis
 Pelvic girdle is much __________________ but less mobile than pectoral girdle
 Bony pelvis= coxal, sacrum &coccyx
Pelvis
 Function:
o ___________ lower limbs to axial skeleton
o ____________ weight upper body to lower limbs
o _____________ the visceral organs of the pelvis (i.e. sm. Intestine)
 Central opening= _______________ foramen
 ________________ socket - a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
o Bodies strongest ligaments make stable, but limit movement
 Made up of 3 fused bones: ______________, ____________, ____________
o Ilium: Large flaring bone; forms the superior hip
 __________: superior winglike portion
o Ischium: Forms posteroinferior part of the hip
 Sit on
o Pubic: Forms ______________ (inferior) portion of the hip
True and False Pelves
 Bony pelvis is divided into 2 parts: _________ and __________
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o separated by the pelvic ______________, a continuous oval ridge
False (greater) pelvis – ________________ to the pelvic brim
o bounded by alae of the iliac bones
True (lesser) pelvis - _______________ to pelvic brim
- forms a bowl containing the pelvic _____________
Due to childbirth, male & female pelves differ
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Characteristic
Female
Male
General Variations
Tilted______________
Less tilted forward
True Pelvic Cavity
Shallower & __________ (adapted for
childbearing)
Deeper & _______________
Bone thickness
Lighter, thinner, and _______________
Heavier, ________, and more prominent
markings
Pubic __________
80˚–90˚
50˚–60˚
Acetabula
Small; ___________ apart
___________; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; ____________ is
accentuated
_______, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
Coccyx
More _________; straighter
Less movable; ___________ ventrally
Pelvic Inlet
Wider, __________ from side to side
Narrow, _______________shaped
The Lower Limb
 3 segments:
o Thigh= ______________
o Leg= ____________ (medial) & _____________ (lateral)
o foot= tarsals (ankle), metatarsal (top/bottom of foot) & phalangies (toes)
 Carries the _________________ of the erect body
 Are subjected to exceptional forces from __________________ or _______________
 Femur:
o largest & _________________ bone in body
 Tibia:
o ______________ bodies weight between femur and foot
o Interosseous membrane connects to fibula
o Lateral & medial _________________ form bony projections on side of “ankle”
 Foot:
o _____________ body weight
o Acts as a lever to propel the body forward in _____________ and _______________
TarsusAnkle bones
 Composed of _____________ bones:
o ____________________, _______________, ______________,________________ and
the medial, intermediate, and lateral ___________________
 Body weight is carried primarily on the ______________ and _________________
 Calcaneus= _____________ of the foot
o calcaneal tendon= ________________
Metatarsus and Phalanges
 Metatarsals numbered _______________
 Enlarged ____________ of metatarsal 1 forms the “______________ of the foot”
 Phalanges= ________________bones of the toes
o Each digit has ___________ phalanges except the _____________ (big toe)
Arches of the Foot
 Allow the foot to hold up weight
 _____________ arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments
o ___________ longitudinal – ______________ is keystone of this arch
o ____________ longitudinal – ______________ is keystone
o ____________ – runs ____________ from one side of the foot to the other