Download Chapter 2 Notes - White Plains Public Schools

Chapter 2 Lesson 2
http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html
Chapter 2 Lesson 3
Carbon
 Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons
 Covalent Bonds: bond formed by the sharing of electrons
o Can bond with: Hydrogen, Oxygen, sulfur,
Phosphorous, Nitrogen
o Can form very large chains of unlimited length
o Carbon- Carbon bonds can be single, double, or
triple covalent bonds.
o Can even form rings.
 Macromolecules: Giant molecules formed by
polymerization (large Molecules formed by joining smaller
ones together)
o Monomers
o Polymers
4 Groups of Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Nucleic acids
3. Lipids
4. Proteins
1. Carbohydrates:
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_carbos.html
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
*Main source of energy
*Plants use it for energy and structure
 Monosaccharide: single, sugar molecule
*Sugar (Glucose) is monosaccharide
 Polysaccharide: large macromolecule
o glycogen (Animal Starch)
o Cellulose (Plant Starch)
2. Lipid: Fats, waxes, oils
 used to store energy
 are a part of biological membranes and waterproof
coverings
 steroids (chemical messengers
o Saturated: maximum number of hydrogen atoms
 examples: animal fat
 solid at room temperature
o Polyunsaturated: more than one double bond
 example: olive oil
 liquid at room temperature
3. Nucleic Acid: store and transmit hereditary information
2 types
1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 Made of Nucleotides:
a. 5 carbon sugar
b. phosphate group
c. nitrogenous base
4. Proteins: made of Amino Acids
 More than 20 different Amino Acids
 Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.
Chapter 2 Lesson 4
Chemical reactions
 Reactants: causes chemical reactions
 Products: produced by a chemical reaction
*Always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants
and the formation of new bonds in products*
Energy in Reactions
 Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical
bonds form or are broken.
 Activation Energy: Energy needed to start a reaction
Enzymes: proteins that act as catalysts
 Catalysts: speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
by lowering the activation energy
 Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions.
Enzyme Action:
 Substrate: Reactions of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
o Binds to an active site on an enzyme.
*Lock and Key*
 Temperature affects enzyme
 Cells can turn enzymes “On or Off”.
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Enzyme_Ac
tivity&video_id=21969