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Kalpa (aeon)
Kalpa y / o Eon
Kalpa (aeon)
Wikipedia, 20160416
Kalpa (Sanskrit: कल्प kalpa) is a Sanskrit word meaning an aeon, or a relatively long
period of time (by human calculation) in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. The concept is
first mentioned in the Mahabharata. Romila Thapar [1] holds that "the kalpa is first referred
to in the inscriptions of Asoka". In the Pali (= early Buddhist) form the word kappa is
mentioned in the assumed oldest scripture of Buddhism, the Sutta Nipata, where it speaks
of "Kappâtita: one who has gone beyond time, an Arahant".[2] This part of the Buddhist
manuscripts dates back to the middle part of the last millennium BC.
Generally speaking, a kalpa is the period of time between the creation and recreation of a
world or universe.[3] The definition of a kalpa equaling 4.32 billion years is found in the
Puranas—specifically Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana.[4]
Buddhism
According to Visuddhimagga, there are several explanations for types of kalpas and their
duration. In the first explanation, there are four types:
1. Ayu-Kalpa - a variable time span representing the life expectancy of a typical
human being in a particular era or yuga. This can be as high as one asankya or as
small as 10 years. This number is directly proportional to the level of virtue of
people in that era. Currently this value hovers around 100 years and is continually
decreasing.
2. Antah-Kalpa - the time it takes for one ayu-kalpa to grow from 10 years up to one
asankya and back to 10 years. The ending of one antah-kalpa (or mass-extinction)
can happen in one of three ways, all involving the majority of the human population
going extinct:
Sashthrantha-Kalpa - Mass extinction by wars.
Durbhikshantha-Kalpa - Mass extinction by hunger.
Rogantha-Kalpa - Mass extinction by plague.
3. Asankya-Kalpa - time span of 20 antah-kalpas. One is equivalent to a quarter of
maha-kalpa.
4. Maha-Kalpa - largest time unit in Buddhism. Ending of a maha-kalpa (apocalypse)
can happen in three ways: fire, water and wind. It is divided into four quarters each
equivalent to one asankya-kalpa.
First quarter - time taken for this world to form.
Second quarter - stable duration of this world where all living beings can
thrive.
Third quarter - time taken for this world to be destroyed.
Fourth quarter - empty time period.
In another simple explanation, there are four different lengths of kalpas. A regular kalpa is
approximately 16 million years long (16,798,000 years[5]), and a small kalpa is 1000 regular
kalpas, or about 16 billion years. Further, a medium kalpa is roughly 320 billion years, the
equivalent of 20 small kalpas. A great kalpa is 4 medium kalpas, or around 1.28 trillion
years.
Buddha had not spoken about the exact length of the maha-kalpa in number of years.
However, he had given several astounding analogies to understand it.
1. Imagine a huge empty cube at the beginning of a kalpa, approximately 16 miles in each
side. Once every 100 years, you insert a tiny mustard seed into the cube. According to the
Buddha, the huge cube will be filled even before the kalpa ends.
2. Imagine a gigantic rocky mountain at the beginning of kalpa, approximately 16 x 16 x 16
miles (dwarfing Mount Everest). You take a small piece of silk and wipe the mountain once
every 100 years. According to the Buddha, the mountain will be completely depleted even
before the kalpa ends.
In one situation, some monks wanted to know how many kalpas had died so far. The
Buddha gave the analogy:
1. If you count the total number of sand particles at the depths of the Ganges river, from
where it begins to where it ends at the sea, even that number will be less than the number of
passed kalpas.[6]
Hinduism
In Hinduism (cf. Hindu Time Cycles), it is equal to 4.32 billion years, a "day of Brahma" or
one thousand mahayugas,[4] measuring the duration of the world. Each kalpa is divided into
14 manvantara periods, each lasting 71 yuga cycles (306,720,000 years). Preceding the first
and following each manvatara period is a juncture (sandhya) the length of a Satya-yuga
(1,728,000) years.[7] Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma. A "month of
Brahma" is supposed to contain thirty such days (including nights), or 259.2 billion years.
According to the Mahabharata, 12 months of Brahma (=360 days) constitute his year, and
100 such years the life cycle of the universe. Fifty years of Brahma are supposed to have
elapsed, and we are now in the shvetavaraha kalpa of the fifty-first; at the end of a kalpa
the world is annihilated.
Kalpa and other periods of time
"The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in cycles of kalpas. A
kalpa is a day of Brahmā, and one day of Brahmā consists of a thousand cycles of four
yugas, or ages: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga. The cycle of Satya
is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion, there being practically no ignorance and
vice, and the yuga lasts 1,728,000 years. In the Tretā-yuga vice is introduced, and this yuga
lasts 1,296,000 years. In the Dvāpara-yuga there is an even greater decline in virtue and
religion, vice increasing, and this yuga lasts 864,000 years. And finally in Kali-yuga (the
yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of
strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga
lasts 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the
yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the Kalki avatāra, vanquishes the demons, saves
His devotees, and commences another Satya-yuga. Then the process is set rolling again.
These four yugas, rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahmā, and the same
number comprise one night. Brahmā lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These
"hundred years" total 311 trillion 40 billion (311,040,000,000,000) earth years. By these
calculations the life of Brahmā seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of
eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. In the Causal Ocean there are innumerable
Brahmās rising and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahmā and his creation are
all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux."(Bhagavad-gītā As
It Is 8.17)[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)
Kalpa
Wikipedia, 20160416
Kalpa es un término sánscrito que significa Eón o largo período y es utilizado
principalmente en cosmología budista e hindú.
Budismo[editar]
En budismo existen cuatro tipos diferentes de kalpas: El kalpa de uso más común dura unos
16 millones de años. Un kalpa de corta duración mide unos 1.000 kalpa comunes o 16.000
millones de años. Un kalpa de tamaño medio dura unos 320.000 millones de años,
equivalente a unos 20 kalpas cortos. Un gran kalpa dura unos 4 kalpas de tamaño medio,
unos 1,28 billones de años.
Buda Gautama no habló sobre la duración exacta de un kalpa en años, pero ofreció varias
analogías para calcularlo:
1. Imagina un enorme cubo vacío en el inicio de un kalpa, con una longitud de arista
de unos 25,6 km; una vez cada cien años, insertamos una pepita de mostaza en el
cubo. Cuando el cubo se llene, el kalpa terminará.
2. Imagina una montaña de roca con unas medidas de 26x26x26 km (ancho, largo,
alto). Tomamos un pequeño trozo de tela y la frotamos con él una vez cada 100
años. Cuando la montaña desaparezca desgastada, el kalpa terminará.
En una ocasión, varios monjes quisieron saber cuantos kalpas habían transcurrido hasta la
fecha. Buda les dio una analogía sorprendente:
Si cuentas el número total de granos de arena de las profundidades del río Ganges, desde
donde comienza hasta donde desemboca en el mar, incluso ese número será menor que el
número de kalpas que ya han transcurrido.1
Hinduismo[editar]
En el hinduismo, un kalpa equivale a 4.320 millones de años; un único día de Brahma, o
mil mahayugas, miden la duración del mundo. (Hoy en día, la ciencia estima la edad del
universo en unos 13.800 millones de años).
Cada kalpa se divide en 14 manvantara (cada una de 306.720.000 años). Dos kalpas
constituyen un día y una noche de Brahma. Un mes de Brahma contienen 30 de estos días
incluyendo noches o 259.200 millones de años. De acuerdo al Mahábharata, 12 meses de
Brahma constituyen uno de sus años y 100 de esos años, el ciclo de vida del universo.
Supone que han transcurrido ya 50 años de Brahmā y estamos ahora en el kalpa
shvetavaraha, que es el número 51. Al final de un kalpa, el mundo desaparece.
Curiosidad[editar]
El Libro Guinness de los récords incluye el Kalpa de 4.320 millones de años como la
mayor medida de tiempo de la que se tiene referencia.2
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa
Eón (geología)
Wikipedia, 20160416
Escala geológica en eones: Hádico en rojo, Arcaico en rosa, Proterozoico en amarilllo y
Fanerozoico en los tres colores restantes, datados según la Comisión Internacional de
Estratigrafía.1
En geología, un eón (en griego eternidad) se refiere a cada una de las divisiones mayores
de tiempo de la historia de la Tierra usadas en la escala temporal geológica. Este tipo de
divisiones son unidades geocronológicas, de tiempo, y su equivalente cronoestratigráfico
(rocas formadas en ese mismo tiempo) se denomina eonotema. La categoría de rango
superior es el supereón y el rango inmediatamente inferior son las eras. El límite tras un eón
y el sucesivo debe ser un cambio fundamental en la historia de los organismos vivos. El
término proviene del griego antiguo Aιων (Aión), significando una eternidad, una edad,
una cantidad indefinida de tiempo.
A pesar de la propuesta hecha en 1957 en definir un eón como una unidad de tiempo igual a
mil millones de años, la idea no fue aceptada como una unidad de medida en sí y es
raramente usada para especificar un periodo exacto de tiempo, sino que se usa como una
cantidad grande pero arbitraria de tiempo.
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B3n_(geolog%C3%ADa)