Download Study guide ch 17 animals fall 2014

Bio3 Study Guide Chapter 17: the animal kingdom
1. What are the general characteristics of members of the animal kingdom?
a. Eukaryotic cells with no cell walls, multicellular heterotrophs, ingest (eat food) & digest their
food within their bodies, move during some part of life cycle, nerve and muscle cells which
allow them respond to stimuli, and most are diploid and can reproduce sexually.
2. Animals arose from what ancestor? A flagellated protist from the supergroup…
3. Know about unique features in animal reproduction and development in a sea star:
a. Haploid eggs are fertilized by haploid sperm and produce a diploid zygote.
b. The diploid zygote grows by rapid mitotic cell divisions.
c. The blastula forms and is a …
d. In the sea star & most animals the blastula folds inward to form a gastrula.
e. Gastrulation forms an internal sac that becomes the digestive tract and is lined by endoderm.
f. The embryo has an outer cell layer called the ectoderm that gives rise to the outer covering of the
animal & in some phyla, the nervous system.
g. Most animals have a third layer called the mesoderm, which forms the muscle and most internal
organs
h. After gastrulation many animals develop directly into adults, while others develop into one or
more larval stages first.
i. A larva is an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal & it undergoes
metamorphosis (a major change in body form) in becoming an adult capable of sexual
reproduction.
j. A cluster of homeotic (master control) genes transform the zygote into an adult & are studied to
determine phylogenetic relationships
4. Animals are categorized by: body plan, general features of body structure and genetics. Define:
a. Body symmetry: asymmetry (irregular shape), radial symmetry (multiple planes through a
central axis produce equal halves), bilateral symmetry (one plane through central axis produce
mirror-image sides)
b. Digestive system: gastrovascular cavity (sac with one opening), tubular digestive system (one
way digestive tube with a mouth and an anus)
c. Animals that arise from embryos with 3 tissue layers: + or – a body cavity (a fluid-filled
space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall that…)
i. no body cavity (no fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall)
ii. pseudocoelom (body cavity is partially lined by mesoderm)
iii. coelom (body cavity is completely lined by mesoderm)
d. Vertebrate or invertebrate (define both); which are more numerous?
5. Figure 17.6 is a phylogenetic tree - it represents a set of hypothesis about the phylogenies of 9 major
animal phyla based on structural and genetic similarities. Be familiar with the animal phylogenetic tree
in figure 17.6 and the relatedness of the 9 phyla.
a. Which group is the most distantly related to all other animal phyla and why? Sponges, because
they lack true tissues (define tissues)
b. How are cnidarians distinct from all other animals with tissues? They have radial symmetry,
while all others have bilateral symmetry either as adults or as larva (note: some may have radial
symmetry as adults, but have bilateral symmetry as larvae).
c. Which phylum is the most related to chordates? Echinoderms; they are both deuterostomes; in
both the opening formed during gastrulation that leads to the developing digestive tract becomes
the anus (vs in protostomes where it becomes the mouth).
d. Which phylum includes vertebrates, but also some invertebrates? Chordates
e. Which 2 phyla can’t be classified with a body cavity because they do not arise from embryos
with three germ layers (tissue layers)? Sponges & Cnidarians
f. Which phylum arises from three germ layers but has no body cavity? Flatworms
g. Which invertebrates have a pseudocoelom? Roundworms
h. Which invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity? Cnidarians and most flatworms (highly
branched)
i. Which invertebrate has intracellular digestion? Sponges
j. Which invertebrate phylum has an exoskeleton? Arthropods
6. Given an organism identify its phylum (or vice versa) and if it is an invertebrate or vertebrate
a. Invertebrates:
i. sponges (Porifera) = asymmetrical or radial symmetry; but no true tissues
ii. cnidarians (corals, hydra, jellyfish) = radial symmetry & tissues
iii. flatworm (planarians & tapeworms/flukes)= the simplest bilateral animals
iv. roundworm- also called nematodes ( free-living & parasitic pinworms/hook worms)
v. annelids (earthworms, tubeworms and leeches)
vi. arthropods:
1. insects (moths, butterflies, flies, ants, beetles)
2. arachnids (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions]
3. crustaceans (crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp),
4. millipedes and centipedes
vii. mollusks
1. gastropods (snails and slugs)
2. bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels and scallops)
3. cephalopods (squid, octopus and nautiluses)
viii. echinoderms
1. starfish
2. sea urchins
3. sea cucumbers
4. sand dollars
ix. chordates: lancelets, tunicates and hagfish
b. Vertebrates: the following chordates
i. lampreys
ii. cartilaginous fish – sharks and skates
iii. bony fish
iv. amphibians – salamanders, frogs, toads
v. reptiles (non-bird reptiles) – lizards, alligators, snakes, turtles, dinosaurs
vi. birds (class aves) – are related to dinosaurs/ are reptiles
vii. Mammals (have mammary glands and fur or hair)
7. Identify a sponge based on its characteristics.
a. Aquatic (most are marine), no true tissues, a lose association of cells that can sense and react to
environment.
b. Body is a sac with perforated holes (numerous small pores for water entry and fewer larger pores
for water exit; flow of water through body for feeding, gas exchange, excretion, and often
reproduction)
c. Most are asymmetrical & some with radial symmetry (no head)
d. Adults are stationary
e. Internal skeleton of chalk, glass or protein spines
f. They have intracellular digestion (endocytosis)
g. Be familiar with the two tissues and the three types of cells (see ppt notes)
8. Identify a cnidarian based on its characteristics & members.
a. Sea jellies, sea anemones, hydras and corals (secrete calcium carbonate)
b. Aquatic (most marine); body tissues; radial symmetry
c. Body parts (including tentacles) are arranged in a circle around the mouth
d. Gastrovascular cavity (sac with one opening) - no body cavity
e. Two body forms: free-floating/swimming medusa (jellyfish) and stationary polyp (sea anemones,
corals, and hydras)
9. Identify a mollusk based on its characteristics and members?
a. Most are aquatic and most have a hard shell; all have a soft muscular body; bilateral symmetry
b. Three main parts: muscular foot (movement); a visceral mass (contains most of their organs)
and a mantle (fold of tissue that secretes shell if present and forms a chamber for gills)
c. Gastropods: snails (shell) and slugs (no shell) and sea slugs (no shell)
d. Bivalves: clams, mussels and scallop: shell divided in 2 halves hinged together; filter feeders
e. Cephalopods: octopus (most intelligent invertebrate) and squid; typically lack an external shell
(but not nautiluses); closed circulatory system
10. What is the most identifying characteristics of annelids and know their members?
a. Their body is segmented (it is divided into a series of repeating segments). Most segments
contain identical copies of most nerves, excretory structures and muscles; aids in locomotion
b. Closed circulatory system; coelom; tubular digestive system; rudimentary organ systems;
bilateral symmetry
c. Include: earthworms (terrestrial), polychaetes (tree worms and tubeworms) and leeches
11. What is the most identifying characteristic of arthropods?
a. An exoskeleton (an external skeleton of protein and chitin) covers their body and they have
paired & jointed appendages; bilateral
b. As the arthropod grows its exoskeleton is molted and a new exoskeleton is grown.
c. They have fewer segments than do annelids, segments grouped into specialized body
parts/sections with specific functions (e.g., head, thorax and abdomen)
12. What are the 4 main groups of arthropods?
a. Insects (bees, flies, moths, butterflies, beetles, aphids, ants, etc…) many undergo
metamorphosis; live in almost every terrestrial habitat, fresh water and air (some have wings). 3
body sections:
i. head (antennae and feeding appendages -mandibles)
ii. thorax (3 pairs of legs and some have wings)
iii. abdomen (digestive structures);
b. Arachnids (spiders, mites, scorpions and ticks, ): 2 body sections:
i. cephalothorax (usually 4 pairs of legs, no antennae, feeding appendages-mandibles)
ii. abdomen
c. Crustaceans (crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimp, pill bugs, and barnacles): most are aquatic and
have gills; vary in size, form and number of appendages; 2 body sections:
i. cephalothorax (antennae)
ii. abdomen
d. Millipedes (1,000 legs): eat decaying plant matter; two pairs of walking legs per segment,
cylindrical trunk; one pair short antennae
e. Centipedes (100 legs): carnivores with poison claws; one pair of walking legs per segment; long
flattened trunk; one pair antennae
i. cephalothorax (antennae)
ii. abdomen
f. Merostomata: horseshoe crabs
13. Define complete metamorphosis? A complete transformation of the larva body (juvenile) form to a
distinct winged-adult body form; maggots to winged flies, caterpillars to winged butterflies.
14. Chordates: include vertebrates and invertebrates (invertebrates represent 95% of animals)
a. Invertebrates – without a backbone
b. Vertebrates - with an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) consisting of a cranium and a backbone
that has a series of bones called vertebrae; the skeleton is made of cartilage (not reinforced with
hard calcium salts) or it is a skeleton of hard bone and cartilage.
c. The cranium or skull encases/protects the brain and the vertebral column encases/protects the
spinal cord.
15. What are 4 chordate characteristics/features that appear in the embryo, but sometimes in the adult?
a. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord – the nerve cord and brain (brain develops from a thickening at
anterior end)
b. A notochord- flexible rod that serves as an attachment site for muscles;
c. Pharyngeal slits- grooves in the pharynx during early development; may from functional gills
d. Post-anal tail – a tail past the anus.
16. Know these terms for animals that are chordates (phylum chordata)
a. Craniates – have a cranium/skull that forms a case for the brain; they have a head with a brain
at the anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord, eyes, and other sensory organs. The skull can be
cartilage or bone
i. Not all craniates are vertebrates – hagfish are craniates that have a notochord as the
main support for the body in the adult; it is an invertebrate.
b. Tetrapods – have 4 limbs (2 pairs of limbs)
c. Amniotes – have an shelled amniotic egg
d. Ectotherms –
e. Endotherms –
17. Be familiar with the phylogenetic tree of chordates in figure 17.30.
a. Which are invertebrates? Tunicates, lancelets and hagfish
b. Which have no skull/head? Tunicates and lancelets
c. Which invertebrate has a skull/head? Hagfish
d. Which vertebrate is jawless? Lampreys
e. Which jawed fish has an endoskeleton of cartilage? Cartilaginous fish –sharks and rays
f. What do bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, and animals have in common? They are jawed
vertebrates that have lungs or lung derivatives.
g. What do amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have in common? They are tetrapods.
h. What do reptiles and mammals have in common? They have an amniotic egg.
i. What distinguishes a mammal? The have mammary glands that produce milk.
18. What chordates that are invertebrates?
a. Tunicates: include sea-squirts; immobile without a brain (no cranium/skull/head)
b. Lancelets: blade-like animals; with a simple brain (a swollen tip of a nerve cord), but no
cranium/skull.
c. Hagfish: head with a cranium of cartilage; fins & gills, and is jawless; notochord is the main
support in body of an adult.
19. Distinguish between the vertebrate groups based on their characteristics.
a. Lampreys: oldest living lineage of vertebrates; adults are parasitic and lack jaws (jawless)
b. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays): endoskeleton of cartilage; lateral-line system; sharks
have no swim bladder for buoyancy or operculum, so must continuously swim to breath (pass
water over their gills) & to keep from sinking; sharks have a two-chambered heart and most are
predators
c. Bony fish ray–finned fish: have skeletons reinforced with hard calcium salts; most abundant
and diverse vertebrate; two-chambered heart; fins are webs of skin supported by bony spines or
stiff rays; ectotherms; have a lateral line system; have a operculum (protective flap) on each
side of the head that covers a chamber housing the gills & movement of operculum allows fish to
breathe without swimming; have a swim-bladder (a gas-filled sac) that keeps them buoyant.
d. Lobe- finned fish: a bony fish with muscular fins with stout bones.
e. Amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders): ectotherms with a three-chambered heart; Some
salamanders are entirely aquatic; most are found in damp habitats where their thin
permeable skin (must stay moist) that supplements simple lungs for breathing; frogs are semiterrestrial adults (exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations); frogs are restricted to
watery environment for eggs because they are only protected by a jelly-like coating (eggs lack
shells); most frogs lay eggs in water (are fertilized externally); larvae are aquatic tadpoles;
typically undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larva to semi-terrestrial adult which is a tetrapod
(four feet).
f. Reptiles: have two pre-adaptations to live on land: they are amniotes (amniotic eggs have a
water-proof shell in which embryos are protected within a watery amnion); and they have scaledwaterproof skin to prevent dehydration in dry air; breathe with lungs.
i. Non-bird Reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, dinosaurs): ectotherms (coldblooded- obtain body heat from environment); most have a three-chambered heart; some
are desert dwellers (tortoises and lizards); internal fertilization; bury eggs in dirt/sand;
tetrapods (four feet).
g. Bird reptiles (evolved from a lineage of dinosaurs called theropods); endotherms (warmblooded – use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature); fourchambered heart; feathers (evolved from scales) provide insulation and protection; their body is
adapted for flight: endotherms, feathers adapted as flight gear, powerful breast muscles, and light
for their size (hollow bones, single ovary in females, toothless and lay shelled-eggs in nest).
h. Mammals: endothermic amniotes with a four–chambered heart; fur or hair for insulation; have
live births and mammary glands to nurse their young; tetrapods (four feet).
20. Distinguish between these mammalian groups: monotremes, placental marsupials & placental
eutherians. Placentas – allow for live births; a structure during the gestation period which consists of
maternal and part embryonic tissues and which joins the embryo to the mother’s uterus; it functions in
gas/nutrient/gas exchange between the circulatory system of mother and an embryo.
a. Monotremes – egg-laying mammals; platypus and anteaters
b. Placental Marsupials- pouched mammals with a placenta; opossums, koalas, kangaroos
i. Short pregnancy; give birth to a tiny embryonic offspring which crawls to mother’s
external pouch and grasps a nipple; it suckles on milk for nourishment to complete their
embryonic growth
c. Placental Eutherians - all other mammals; their placentas provide a longer lasting association
between the mother and her developing young compared to the placenta of marsupials
21. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to colonize land and descended from a group of lobe-finned fish
that evolved lungs (from a swim-bladder) and muscular fins & skeletal supports strong enough to allow
movement on land.