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Egypt Isolated, introspective, homogeneous, unified – pretty much for 3000 years Protected by mountains, dessert, sea from invaders Dependable flooding of Nile egypt slideshow from web Built in the Old Kingdom (2700-2185 B.C.E.), the pyramids at Giza attest to the power invested in the Pharaoh. Unlike the Sumerian kings, the pharaoh was considered a god and his survival in the afterlife was linked to the health and prosperity of his people. 3100 BCE Egypt King Narner’s Palette Pre-dynastic – to 2700 BCE Unification of Kingdoms under Menes, the king of Upper Egypt. Khan Academy 3100 BCE Egypt King Narner’s Palette Pre-dynastic – to 2700 BCE Unification of Kingdoms under Menes, the king of Upper Egypt. Unification of Egypt Pre-unification Isis and Osiris myth Egypt Site Egypt History Outline lecture on Egyptian myth What are the stylistic similarities between the Narner artist and the Naram-sin artist. How do both demonstrate the importance of religion in establishing political power? Egyptian Religion similar to Mesopotamian Creation myth said the earth rose like a platform out of the water Many gods – Polytheistic Sky gods, Earth gods – creation, fertility Each ruler favored one god, so certain deities were associated with individual rulers. Each city or village had its preferred deity. Differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian Religions Pharaoh was god (Mesopotamian ruler was simply a man) Idea of afterlife dominates Egypt, cult of Osiris, resurrection (Mesopotamian view of afterlife was dim or non-existant) Old Kingdom 2700-2181 BCE King Menkure and His Chief Queen 2525 BCE Removed from tomb at Giza- burial chamber in Valley Temple Mortuary portrait avoiding any hint at human frailty Static, timeless. Idealized portrait. Purpose, to supplement the embalmed corpse. Canon of proportions: rules for depicting the figure that were followed for thousands of years. Role of Mathematics in determining visual representation Magic! Heilbrun Timeline Witcombe Art History Resource Harvard What’s in a measurement? The ancient cubit- astrological, body-based? Menkaure with Hathor and Bat The Egyptian “Canon” relied on a grid system that determined the ratio of head to body 1:7, arm to body, torso to body, etc. The Archaic Greeks used a similar system, probably derived from that of the Egyptians. Kouros New York Kouros 615-590 BCE Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE Excavated from a mastaba at Meidum Pyramid at Meidum originally built in Third Dynasty Continued by Sneferu of the 4th. The architect was a successor to the famous Imhotep, the inventor of the stone built pyramid. Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE Left [1] King's Son of his Body, Ra-Hotep [2] General of the Army Expedition [3] Supervisor/Overseer of the Works Right [1] King's Son of his Body, Ra-Hotep [2] Elder of the Chamber, Unique one of the Shepenty(?), [3] Great Prophet (Priest) of Heliopolis, unique one of festival, craftsman of the Ames sceptre Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt Tomb of Ti, Saqqara 2500-2400 B.C.E. BBC Pyramids and Mastabas Giza King Khafre 2544 BCE Old Kingdom Seated Scribe from Saqqara 2510-2460 B.C.E. Louvre painted limestone 21” Old Kingdom Seated Scribe from Saqqara 2510-2460 B.C.E. Louvre painted limestone 21” Middle Kingdom ca. 2050-1800 BCE •Shaken by civil unrest, art becomes more inward and brooding/ lost regal divinity of Old Kingdom. •Sculptures seem to shrink inward, rather than stride forth. •Ra and Osiris take precedence over other gods; cult of Osiris/dead – sculptures take on mummy shape •Wall painting developed as independent art Head of Senusret III Middle Kingdom Head of Senusret III Middle Kingdom Great military leader, expansion into Kush Metaphysical, introspective. Heilbrunn timeline New emphasis on the gravity of the king’s responsibility, rather than on the infallibility Middle Kingdom Colossal statue of Mentuhotep II, Middle Kingdom, Dynasty 11, ca. 2051–2000 b.c. Osiris Cult Capital moved to Thebes Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom reliefs from tomb of Ptah-hotep Sakkara Stylized figures with all body parts showing Lady Sennuy Wife of Provincial Governor Discovered in Sudan Middle Kingdom Lady Sennuy Wife of Provincial Governor Discovered in Sudan Middle Kingdom New Kingdom -1552-1079 •Cosmopolitan Era- thriving arts •Period of expansion, enslave the Nubians to the south. •Rein of Hatshepsut, female pharaoh •Akhenaten’s revolution – Henotheism, Aten is chief and only god to be worshipped – supposed passion for things as they are, but art tended to be a caricature of life, overly sentimental. King let empire disintegrate while he meditated. Statue of Hatshepsut as King New Kingdom. 1473-1458 B.C. Statue of Hatshepsut as King New Kingdom. 1473-1458 B.C. Temple of Hatshepsut New Kingdom 1490 BCE Temple of Hatshepsut New Kingdom Memorial Depicting Senmut Steward and Architect for Hatshepsut Block statues were introduced in the Middle Kingdom The block is to be “read” as the knees in a pulled up position These statues were almost always male, and always non-royal The position signifies patience Senmut and the daughter of Hatshepsut Head of Akhenaten 1350-1340 BCE Akhenaten’s revolution – Henotheism, Aten is chief and only god to be worshipped – supposed passion for things as they are, but art tended to be a caricature of life, overly sentimental. King let empire disintegrate while he meditated. Amarrah Revolution Caryatid of King Akhenaton from karnak. Expressionist distortion, the bowing of art to the imagination of one man. Akhenaten and his family. Attempt at naturalism – caricature, sentimentality. Head of Akhenaten 1350-1340 BCE Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the Royal Princesses: sunk relief fragment from Tell el-Amarna, ca. 1350 B.C. Major challenge to the orthodox canon of Egyptian art Intimacy, domesticity, expressionism, emotion. The ideals of strength, spirituality and timelessness are replaced in the revolution of Akhenaten with Grace Beauty Charm Model of Head of Queen Nefertiti: 1340 BCE New Kingdom Ramesses II Temple at Abu Simel – in Nubia. Kings continued to build vaster and more grandiose temples. Ramses is considered by many the Pharaoh of the Biblical Exodus. Aftermath of Akhenatun revolution. Best known through Tut-ankh-amon’s tomb. Return to orthodoxy, rejection of Aten cult.and the rehabilitation of Amen at Thebes. Another industry existed with providing copies of Books of the Dead. Scribes worked from master copies. The decease is to the left in a gesture of greeting. The scribe is the figure to the left of the scales(Thoth), on which the heart of the deceased is weighed. Osiris sits in judgment. If she fails the test, the “great devourer” will eat her heart. She utters a negative confession: “I have not lied, I have not stolen, I have not had sexual relations, etc. O my heart that I received from my mother, my heart that I have had since birth, my heart that was with me through all the stages of my life, do not stand up against me as a witness! Do not oppose me at the tribunal! Do not tip the scales against me in the presence of the Keeper of the Balance! You are my ka of my body, you are the creator god Khnum who makes my limbs sound. Go forth to the Hereafter... BBC British Museum exhibit The ancient Egyptians believed that in order for a person's soul to survive in the afterlife it would need to have food and water. The opening of the mouth ritual was thus performed so that the person who died could eat and drink again in the afterlife. Fowling scene; fragment of a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun at Thebes. 1400-1350 B.C.E. british museum film Nebamun was an Egyptian "scribe and counter of grain" during the New Kingdom. His tomb in Thebes, the location of which is now lost, featured the famous Pond in a Garden false fresco painting. Nebamun's name is translated as "My Lord is Amun" and he is thought to have lived c. 1500 bce. The paintings were hacked from the tomb wall and purchased by a British collector who in turn sold them to the British Museum in 1821. The collector died in poverty without ever revealing the source location of the paintings. The depictions are highly symbolic and thematically related to a joyful afterlife. Hunting scene from the tomb of Nebamun. Figures no longer within register, allowed to break into the band of hieroglyphics. History of the World in 100 objects History of the World BBC