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Chapter 13
European Middle Ages, 500–1200
Charlemagne unites the Germanic kingdoms, the feudal system emerges, and the Church
strongly influences the lives of people in Europe.
Section 1: Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under
Charlemagne’s empire.
Invasions of Western Europe
Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare
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Germanic invaders overrun __________________________in 400s
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Fighting disrupts _______and _________________; people abandon ____________
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Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—__________________________________
The Decline of Learning
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As cities are abandoned, level of ___________________ declines
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Knowledge of _______________ language and ____________ is almost completely ______
Loss of a Common Language
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Introduction of ___________ language changes ___________; ________________ develop
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600
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________________ kingdoms replace ________________________________
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Continual _____________ change _________________ between kingdoms
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The ________________ provides order and __________________________
The Concept of Government Changes
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Germans held together by _________________and loyalty, ______ government
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Small communities are governed by ___________________________________
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___________________________ pledge loyalty to their chief; _________ in lord’s hall
Clovis Rules the Franks
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Germanic people called ______________hold power in Roman province of __________
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Clovis, _________________________, converts to _____________________ in 496
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Leads warriors against other Germanic armies
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_________________ Franks into one kingdom with _______________________by 511
Germans Adopt Christianity
How the Church Spread
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Frankish rulers _______________Germanic peoples to ________________________
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______________________ travel to convert _______________ and ___________ groups
Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts
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Church builds monasteries—________________________________________________
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Italian monk, _______________________, writes rules that govern monastic life
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His sister, _______________________ adapts rules for nuns living in convents
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Monks establish _________________, preserve learning through ___________________
Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I
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In 590, Gregory I, also called_______________________, becomes _____________
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Under Gregory, _____________ becomes secular—___________________________
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Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman ______________________
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Uses Church money to raise ___________, care for ________, negotiate treaties
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Establishes a Christendom—__________________________ fanning out from Rome
An Empire Evolves
Europe’s Kingdoms
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The _______________ control largest and strongest of Europe’s many kingdoms
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By 511, Frankish rule extends over what is now ________________
Charles Martel Emerges
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Most powerful official in kingdom is major domo—___________________________
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In 719, major domo _______________________becomes more powerful than king
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Defeats ________________ from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero
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Son, ____________, begins Carolingian Dynasty—family that ruled ____________
Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
From Pepin to Charlemagne
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Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to _______ sons; in 771 one son __________
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Second son, ________________________ (Charles the Great), rules kingdom
Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule
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Charlemagne’s armies _____________western Europe, spread _____________________
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In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to _________________________________from mobs
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Pope _____________Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “________________________”
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Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together
Charlemagne Leads a Revival
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Charlemagne ____________ nobles’ power by governing through ____________________
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Encourages __________________ and orders monasteries to open __________________
Charlemagne’s Heirs
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Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, ____________________________, rules poorly
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Louis’s three grandsons _________________ for control of empire
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In 843 they ______________empire into three kingdoms; sign ________________________
Section 2: Feudalism in Europe
Feudalism, a ______________________________based on ______________________and
protective alliances, emerges in Europe.
Invaders Attack Western Europe
The Vikings Invade from the North
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Warlike _______________ raid Europe from Scandinavia—___________, Norway, Sweden
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Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland
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Eventually, many Vikings adopt _____________________and become farmers
Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South
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__________________ (Hungarian nomads) ______________ western Europe in late 800s
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_________________ strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain
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Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause__________________________, suffering
A New Social Order: Feudalism
Feudalism Structures Society
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850 to 950, __________________ emerges—political system based on land control
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A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (__________________) in exchange for _____________
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Vassals—____________________________________—become powerful landholders
The Feudal Pyramid
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Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with ___________at the top
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Kings served by ____________ who are served by ___________; peasants at ___________
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Knights—________________—____________ their lord’s land in exchange for _________
Social Classes Are Well Defined
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Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups
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those who fight: ______________________________________________
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those who pray: ______________________________________________
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those who work: ____________________________
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Social class is usually _____________________; majority of people are ________________
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Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to ______________________________
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Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce ___________________to their lord
Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The Lord’s Estate
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The lord’s ______________, a manor, has an economic system (manor system)
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Serfs and free peasants ________________ the lord’s estate, give ____________
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The lord provides ______________, _________________, ________________ from bandits
A Self-Contained World
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Medieval manors include lord’s _______________________________________________
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Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient
The Harshness of Manor Life
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Peasants pay ____________ to use mill and bakery; pay a __________ to priest
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Tithe—______________—is equal to ______________________of a peasant’s income
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Serfs live in crowded cottages with _______floors, _____________for beds
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Daily grind of raising ____________, livestock; feeding and clothing family
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Poor diet, _________________, malnutrition make life expectancy _______ years
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Serfs generally accept their lives as part of ___________________________
Section 3: The Age of Chivalry
The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love.
Knights: Warriors on Horseback
The Technology of Warfare Changes
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Leather ____________ and ________________ enable knights to handle heavy weapons
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In 700s, mounted knights become ____________________________________________
The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society
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By 1000s, western Europe is a _________________________of warring nobles
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Feudal lords raise _____________________________of knights
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Knights rewarded with________________; provides income needed for weapons
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Knights’ other activities help ______________ them for combat
Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry
The Code of Chivalry
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By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry—_________________________________
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They are to protect____________________; serve_____________, ______, chosen lady
A Knight’s Training
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Boys begin to train for knighthood at age ______; usually knighted at _________
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Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—________________________
Brutal Reality of Warfare
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Castles are huge ______________________ where lords live
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____________________________use wide range of strategies and weapons
The Literature of Chivalry
Epic Poetry
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Epic poems recount a _______________________________________________
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The Song of Roland is about ___________________________________________ Muslims
Love Poems and Songs
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Knights’ duties to _____________ are as important as those to their ___________
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Troubadours—__________________________________—write and sing short verses
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Most celebrated woman of the age is _________________________________(1122–1204)
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Eleanor’s son, _________________________________, also wrote songs and poems
Women’s Role in Feudal Society
Status of Women
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According to the ________________and feudal society, women are _____________to men
Noblewomen
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Can inherit ____________, defend ____________, send knights to ______ on lord’s request
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Usually confined to activities of the _____________ or __________________
Peasant Women
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Most labor in home and field, __________________________, provide for family
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______________, ___________________________, do household tasks at young age
Section 4: The Power of the Church
Church leaders and political leaders compete for power and authority.
The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church
The Structure of the Church
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Power within Church is organized by status; _____________ is supreme authority
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Clergy—__________________—includes______________, ____________, and others
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Bishops ________________ priests, _____________ Church disputes
Religion as a Unifying Force
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Religion important in Middle Ages; ______________________________ people
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Clergy administers the sacraments—______________________________________
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Village church is ___________________________and celebration
The Law of the Church
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The Church has system of __________________ to guide people’s conduct
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All medieval Christians expected to obey ____________________—Church law
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Canon law governs ________________________ and __________________ practices
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Popes have ___________ over political leaders through threat of
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_________________________________—banishment from Church, denial of salvation
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___________________________—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services
Kings and emperors expected to ___________ pope’s commands
The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
Otto I Allies with the Church
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Otto I (_______________________) is crowned king of ___________________ in 936
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__________________ strength of nobles with help of clergy
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Gains support of bishops and __________________ (heads of monasteries)
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Invades ____________ on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him _________________in 962
Signs of Future Conflicts
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Otto’s German-Italian lands become ___________________________________
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Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about ____________
The Emperor Clashes with the Pope
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
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Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—_____________________________________
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Henry IV orders pope to ______________; Gregory VII _______________________ Henry
Showdown at Canossa
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Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to ____________Gregory for forgiveness
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Gregory forgives Henry, but lay investiture problem is _________ _____________
Concordat of Worms
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____________________________________ is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany
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Compromise:__________________________________, emperor can veto appointment
Disorder in the Empire
The Reign of Frederick I
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In 1152, ____________________________becomes king; dominates German princes
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________________________ breaks out whenever he leaves Germany
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Frederick invades_____________________, meets defeat at Legnano in 1176
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Empire _______________________after Frederick’s death in 1190
German States Remain Separate
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German kings after Frederick try to ____________________empire
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German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak