Download Lecture Notes through 8-29-06

CURRENT UNIT TOPICS:
Chemistry I Review (Chapters 1-12)
Students will be able to:
1. Write formulas & balance chemical reactions (Chapter 1-2)
2. Make calculations involving chemical reactions (Chapter 2-3)
3. Determine properties through periodic trends (Chapter 6)
4. Make predictions using bonding theories (Chapter 7-9)
5. Make calculations using gas laws (Chapter 12)
Day 2, Tuesday August 29, 2006
Core Learning Goal: The student will demonstrate the ability to use scientific skills and
processes (Core Learning Goal 1) to explain composition and interactions of matter in
the world in which we live.
Question of the day: What are three broad levels of classifying matter?
Objective: SWBAT state the 5 main branches of Chemistry,
Reading Assignment: Chapter 1
HW assignment : page 41 # 4, 7, 9, 10 DUE WEDNESDAY AUGUST 30th
Chemistry = The science that describes matter – its properties, the △ it
undergoes & the △ in energy that accompany those processes.
 What are the 5 branches of chemistry that the book mentions?
Organic
 Compounds that contain C, H and any other element
 paints, plastics, food, explosives, drugs, petrochemicals
 Organic chemistry received a boost when it was realized that these
compounds could be treated in ways similar to inorganic compounds and
could be manufactured by means other than 'vital force'
Inorganic
 only simple carbon compounds, with no carbon to carbon connections (its
oxides, acids, salts, carbides, and minerals)
 mostly the salts of ions
Analytical
 These guys try to identify what elements are present in what quantities in a
given sample.
Physical
 A P-chem class is one of the hardest you can take in college!!! This science
applies high-level calculus and physics to the study energy changes in
matter.
Biochemistry
 The chemistry of living organisms
 What’s matter?
Matter = anything that takes up space, has mass, has inertia.
 What is not matter?
Energy = the ability to do work!
Can be PE or KE
Forms: mechanical , light, electrical, heat
Exothermic versus Endothermic?
Exo = Heat evolved/releases heat
Endo = Heat absorbed
Law of the conservation of energy
Matter is like pointillist art:
http://gigliwood.com/mentos/seurat.jpg
If you were to look closely, you would see that what at first looks like a smooth surface
(i.e. paper) is actually composed of an uncountable # of molecules.
What are the general categories of molecules?
Figure 1.7 from the book:
Examples of mixtures: air , the ocean, blood, pie dough, lumpy pie dough.
Each part retains its properties
Sometimes multiple phases
Homogenous = composition same throughout
Heterogenous = variable composition within the mixture
Which are homogenous versus hetrogenous?
* Solution = homogenous mixture
* Solute = Whatever is present in lesser quantity in homogenous mixture.
What has been dissolved
* Solvent = Whatever is doing the dissolving. Whatever is present in
greater quantity.
How can you separate mixtures?
Filtration – separation by size, passing mixture through pores
Distillation – separation by difference in b.p., boil mixture & collect condensed gas
Precipitation – separation by difference in solubility allow a solution to precipitate
Chromatography – separation by polarity. Ink on paper.
Examples of pure substances?: pure distilled water, mercury in thermometer, oxygen,
nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas,
 Examples of Compounds: CO2, H2O, pure sugar C6H12O6,
Figure 1-8 Electrolysis of H2O
Elements?  periodic table of the elements
A single atom by itself is always an element
Molecules? A single molecule can be an element or a compound = the smallest piece of
matter that can still be called either element/compound.
Answer the QOD in your notes.
1-1 Matter and Energy
1-2 States of Matter
1-3 Chemical & Physical Properties
1-4 Chemical & Physical Changes
1-5 Mixtures, Compounds & Elements
1-6 Measurements in Chemistry
1-7 Units of Measurement
1-8 Use of Numbers
1-9 The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)
1-10 Percentage
1-11 Density & Specific Gravity
1-12 Heat & Temperature
1-13 Heat Transfer & the Measurement of Heat
UPCOMING UNITS:
Thermodynamics (Chapter 15)
Students will be able to:
1. Make thermodynamic calculations for:
- Heat of formation, heat of reaction, exothermic reactions, endothermic reactions
- Energy of formation, Gibb's Free Energy, exergonic reactions, endergonic
reactions
- Reaction entropy
2. Solve problems involving enthalpy, energy, and entropy
Kinetics (Chapter 16)
Students will be able to:
1) Determine factors affecting reaction rates
2) Determine reaction rates
3) Predict each of the following:
- Reaction order, total order, order with respect to reactant
- Reaction mechanisms, complex mechanism determinations
Chemical Equilibria (Chapter 17)
Students will be able to:
1. Recognize reversible reactions
- Homogeneous equilibria
- Heterogeneous equilibria
2. Determine equilibrium constants
- Set up
- Calculations
3. Demonstrate a working knowledge of Le Chatelier's Principle
Acid and Base Descriptions (Chapter 10-11)
Students will be able to:
1. Identify and describe:
a. Acids
b. Bases
2. Classify types of acids and bases as:
c. Ahrennius acids & bases
d. Bronstead-Lowery acids & bases
3. Identify conjugate acids and bases
pH Determination (Chapter 11)
Students will be able to:
1. Calculate pH & pOH
2. Identify indicators
3. Identify and make calculations for neutralization reactions
4. Recognize equivalence
5. Perform titrations and solve for results
Acid -Base Equilibria (Chapter 18)
Students will be able to:
1. Identify & draw structures of H3O+ & OH– ions
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate the dissociation of water
Make Kw calculations
Know when to use acid and base dissociation constants to solve a problem
Make calculations using Ka & Kb
Buffers (Chapter 19)
Students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate hydrolysis reactions
2. Identify buffer solutions
3. Perform buffer solution calculations
4. Make calculations using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
5. Predict common ion effect
Solubility Calculations (Chapter 20)
Students will be able to:
1. Identify criteria for solubility
2. Identify solubility products
3. Make calculations for:
a. Solubility
b. Solubility products
c. Common ion effect
Electrochemistry (Chapter 21)
Students will be able to:
1) Determine standard reduction potentials
2) Identify and describe Galvanic & Voltaic cells
3) Predict products using redox potentials
4) Make energy calculations
5) Recognize electrolysis and its products
6) Make quantitative calculations
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Chapter 4)
Students will be able to:
1. Identify and describe:
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Oxidizing agents
- Reducing agents
2. Balance half reactions in acid or base
3.
Balance redox reactions