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Multiple Choice
History of Modern Psych, 4e: Study Guide, Chapter 10
10-1
1. According to the nineteenth century positivist ideas of Auguste Comte,
a. the ability to control nature is evidence that nature has been understood
b. truth ultimately lies in metaphysical analysis
c. we can never be sure of the reality of anything
d. psychology should be the study of consciousness, not the study of behavior
2. After conditioning, a CS produces a CR. But if the CS is then presented repeatedly without the UCR,
the CR diminishes. Pavlov called this process
a. extinction
b. differentiation
c. generalization
d. forgetting
3. If a dog is salivating to a 60 cps tone, but not to a 70 cps tone, what has probably happened?
a. extinction
b. spontaneous recovery
c. experimental neurosis
d. differentiation
4. How was Pavlov treated by the Soviet Union?
a. his work was supported financially because it was consistent with the Soviet vision
b. he was treated with suspicion and temporarily jailed because of his criticisms of the Soviets
c. he was tolerated for a while, but his criticisms eventually led to his deportation to Great Britain
d. because of Pavlov’s enthusiastic public support for the revolution, he was a hero to the Soviets
5. According to Watson and Carr, how do animals learn mazes?
a. kinesthetic responses are conditioned to the stimuli of the maze paths
b. they rely on their sense of vision
c. they don’t have to learn—maze running is innate for them
d. they rely on a combination of their sense of vision, smell, and touch (from their whiskers)
6. In the behaviorist manifesto, Watson identified the goal of psychology. It was to
a. be able to predict and control behavior
b. solve the mind-body problem once and for all
c. reduce behavior to nervous system activity—psychology should eventually become physiology
d. establish basic research as the only major activity of psychologists—applications could wait
7. In the Little Albert study, Watson and Rayner investigated all of the following except
a. fear acquisition
b. extinction of the fear
c. generalization of fear
d. persistence of fear (over time)
8. Watson’s “dozen infants” quote is a good illustration of his belief in the importance of
a. individual differences in children
b. natural instincts
c. the environment in shaping behavior
d. the irrational side of us (i.e., the unconscious)
Multiple Choice
History of Modern Psych, 4e: Study Guide, Chapter 10
10-2
Answers
1. a. CORRECT ANSWER – the positivists were in favor of practical knowledge
b. Comte rejected metaphysical analysis as a way to understand the nature of things
c. this is the position taken by Hume (Chapter 2)
d. the opposite – behavior produces observable events
2. a. CORRECT ANSWER – the CS will eventually stop being a signal that the UCS is on the way
b. this occurs when a CS (e.g., 70 cps tone) produces a CR, but a similar stimulus (e.g., 80 cps tone)
does not produce the CR
c. this occurs when a CS (e.g., 70 cps tone) produces a CR, and a similar stimulus (e.g., 80 cps tone)
also produces the CR (in a diminished amount)
d. Pavlov didn’t use this term
3. a. this happens when the dog no longer responds to the CS
b. this happens after extinction, when the CR reappears
c. this happens when discrimination breaks down
d. CORRECT ANSWER – this is what we call discrimination training today
4. a. CORRECT ANSWER – the Soviets were out to remake the world, and that included conditioning its
citizens
b. he criticized the Soviets, but they were tolerant because Pavlov was useful to them
c. he tried emigrate in the 1920s, but was not allowed to go to the West
d. he might have been a hero to the Soviets, but he did not support them with any enthusiasm
5. a. CORRECT ANSWER – in effect, they learn to run a certain distance, then turn left, etc.
b. they perform just as well with or without vision
c. they might learn fairly quickly, but they indeed have to learn
d. they perform just as well with or without these senses
6. a. CORRECT ANSWER – and this became a credo for behaviorists
b. he was not interested in this philosophical issue
c. he wasn’t very interested in the nervous system – his was an S-R psychology, stimuli producing
responses
d. in the manifesto, he made it clear that a strong feature of behaviorism was that it could deliver
applications
7. a. this was the key part of the studying – creating a conditioned emotional response in the first place
b. CORRECT ANSWER – he discussed ways to eliminate the fear, but made no attempt to eliminate
Albert’s fear
c. he referred to this as transfer (e.g., to the rabbit)
d. knowing that Albert would only be available for a month, he tried to determine of the fear would
remain for that length of time
8. a. he was more interested in general laws
b. he was not very interested in instinct
c. CORRECT ANSWER – the quote indicates that controlling the environment controls behavior
d. because it was not observable, he was not interested in the unconscious