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Standard 5 : Earth in Space and Time
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The origin and eventual fate of the Universe still remains one of the greatest questions in science.
Gravity and energy influence the development and life cycles of galaxies, including our own
Milky Way Galaxy, stars, the planetary systems, Earth, and residual material left from the
formation of the Solar System. Humankind’s need to explore continues to lead to the
development of knowledge and understanding of the nature of the Universe.
Number: SC.912.E.5
Title: Earth in Space and Time
Type: Standard
Subject: Science
Grade: 912
Body of Knowledge: Earth and Space Science
Related Benchmarks
Code
SC.912.E.5.1:
Description
Cite evidence used to develop and verify the scientific theory of
the Big Bang (also known as the Big Bang Theory) of the origin
of the universe.
Remarks/Examples:
Explain evidence to support the formation of the universe,
which has been expanding for approximately 15 billion
year (e.g. ratio of gases, red-shift from distant galaxies, and
cosmic background radiation).
Identify patterns in the organization and distribution of matter in
the universe and the forces that determine them.
SC.912.E.5.2:
Remarks/Examples:
Identify patterns that influence the formation, heirarchy,
and motions of the various kinds of objects in the solar
system and the role of gravity and inertia on these motions
(include the Sun, Earth, and Moon, planets, satellites,
comets, asteroids, star clusters, galaxies, galaxy clusters).
Recognize that the universe contains many billions of
galaxies, and each galaxy contains many billions of stars.
Recognize that constellations are contrived associations of
stars that do not reflect functional relationships in space.
Florida Standards Connections: MAFS.K12.MP.7: Look
for and make use of structure.
Describe and predict how the initial mass of a star determines its
evolution.
SC.912.E.5.3:
Remarks/Examples:
Compare and contrast the evolution of stars of different
masses (include the three outcomes of stellar evolution
based on mass: black hole, neutron star, white dwarf).
Differentiate between the different types of stars found on
the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and the balance between
gravitational collapse and nuclear fusion in determining the
color, brightness, and life span of a star.
Explain the physical properties of the Sun and its dynamic
nature and connect them to conditions and events on Earth.
SC.912.E.5.4:
Remarks/Examples:
Describe the physical properties of the Sun (sunspot cycles,
solar flares, prominences, layers of the Sun, coronal mass
ejections, and nuclear reactions) and the impact of the Sun
as the main source of external energy for the Earth.
Explain the formation of planetary systems based on our
knowledge of our Solar System and apply this knowledge to
newly discovered planetary systems.
SC.912.E.5.5:
SC.912.E.5.6:
Remarks/Examples:
Describe how evidence from the study of our Solar System
and newly discovered extra solar planetary systems
supports the Nebular theory of the formation of planetary
systems.
Develop logical connections through physical principles,
including Kepler's and Newton's Laws about the relationships
and the effects of Earth, Moon, and Sun on each other.
Remarks/Examples:
Explain that Kepler's laws determine the orbits of objects in
the solar system and recognize that Kepler's laws are a
direct consequence of Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation and Laws of Motion.
Relate the history of and explain the justification for future
space exploration and continuing technology development.
SC.912.E.5.7:
Remarks/Examples:
Identify examples of historical space exploration (e.g.
telescopes, high altitude balloons, lunar landers, deep-space
probes, space station) that had significant impact on current
space exploration and recognize the importance of
continued exploration in space.
Connect the concepts of radiation and the electromagnetic
spectrum to the use of historical and newly-developed
observational tools.
SC.912.E.5.8:
Remarks/Examples:
Describe how frequency is related to the characteristics of
electromagnetic radiation and recognize how spectroscopy
is used to detect and interpret information from
electromagnetic radiation sources.
Analyze the broad effects of space exploration on the economy
and culture of Florida.
SC.912.E.5.9:
Remarks/Examples:
Recognize the economic, technical and social benefits of
spinoff technology developed through the space program.
Describe and apply the coordinate system used to locate objects
in the sky.
SC.912.E.5.10:
Remarks/Examples:
Discuss how scientists determine the location of
constellations, celestial spheres, and sky maps. Compare
and contrast the celestial coordinate system (equatorial
system) to the use of latitude and longitude to specify
locations on Earth. Recognize the use of right ascension
and declination in the location of objects in space,
including stars and constellations.
Distinguish the various methods of measuring astronomical
distances and apply each in appropriate situations.
SC.912.E.5.11:
Remarks/Examples:
Determine which units of measurement are appropriate to
describe distance (e.g. astronomical units, parallax, and
light years).
Florida Standards Connections: MAFS.K12.MP.5: Use
appropriate tools strategically and MAFS.K12.MP.6:
Attend to precision.
Related Access Points
Independent
Access Point Number
SC.912.E.5.In.1:
SC.912.E.5.In.2:
SC.912.E.5.In.3:
SC.912.E.5.In.4:
SC.912.E.5.In.7:
SC.912.E.5.In.6:
SC.912.E.5.In.5:
Access Point Title
Recognize that the Milky Way is part of the expanding universe.
Explain that stars change over time, and that stars can be
different; some are smaller, some are larger and some appear
brighter than others.
Describe the Sun as a medium-sized star with sunspots and
storms that can affect weather and radio transmissions on Earth.
Recognize that there are other planetary systems in the universe
besides the Solar System.
Recognize a lunar eclipse, a solar eclipse, and the effect of the
Moon on tides on Earth.
Identify major contributions and research from space
exploration that affected Florida’s economy and culture.
Identify tools that use different types of radiation, such as radio
waves, ultraviolet radiation, and infrared waves.
Supported
Access Point Number
SC.912.E.5.Su.1:
SC.912.E.5.Su.2:
SC.912.E.5.Su.3:
Access Point Title
Recognize that the universe consists of many galaxies, including
the Milky Way.
Identify differences in stars: some are smaller, some are larger
and some appear brighter than others.
Describe observable effects of the Sun on Earth, such as
changes in light and temperature.
SC.912.E.5.Su.4:
SC.912.E.5.Su.5:
SC.912.E.5.Su.6:
SC.912.E.5.Su.7:
SC.912.E.5.Su.6:
Recognize that there are planetary systems in the Universe.
Recognize an eclipse.
Identify major contributions related to space exploration that
affected Florida.
Recognize examples of tools that use radiation for observation
purposes, such as x-rays and infrared night goggles.
Identify major contributions related to space exploration that
affected Florida.
Participatory
Access Point Number
SC.912.E.5.Pa.1:
SC.912.E.5.Pa.2:
SC.912.E.5.Pa.3:
SC.912.E.5.Pa.4:
SC.912.E.5.Pa.5:
SC.912.E.5.Pa.6:
Access Point Title
Recognize that when objects move away from each other, the
distance between them expands.
Recognize that some stars are brighter than others.
Observe and recognize effects of the Sun on Earth, such as
temperature changes.
Recognize that Earth is a planet.
Recognize items, such as freeze-dried food and space blankets,
developed because of space exploration.
Recognize a tool that uses radiation for personal reasons, such
as x-rays.
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support reading in the
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to note the object's
location in the sky.
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content area. This text
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identifying "habitable"
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understanding.
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specific data in order to
determine if bodies
qualified as planets.
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revealed that their
original hypotheses
were incorrect,
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take the new
information
and apply it to further
investigations. The
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note-taking guide, textdependent questions, a
writing prompt, answer
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stars and planets are
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supernova could have
occurred and provide
other clues to the
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calculations and draw
inferences regarding a
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circular orbits around a
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estimates of the size of
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assignment.
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evolution of different
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depicts the evolution of
different size stars in
order to compare life
cycles.
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a series of short
activities centered
around readings or
graphs. Students learn
about solar cycles that
cause a change in the
amount of solar
radiation received by
the Earth. Students are
asked to analyze how
these solar cycles
might be contributing
to global warming and
climate change.
This lesson is designed
to help students
understand the
importance of space
exploration and how it
affects their every day
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They will explore the
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Website
http://spinoff.nasa.gov/,
and do research on an
everyday example of
technology that was
developed as the result
of the Kennedy Space
Center in Florida. This
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guided webquest and a
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Science Crossword Puzzles:
ScienceCasts: Did Earth Have Two Moons?:
What is a Planet?:
Matter, a new kind of matter that does not
interact with light. It is best if students have had
some high school level mechanics, ideally
Newton's laws, orbital motion and centripetal
force. The teacher guide segment has a
derivation of centripetal acceleration. This
lesson should be mostly accessible to students
with no physics background. The video portion
of this lesson runs about 30 minutes, and the
questions and demonstrations will give a total
activity time of about an hour if the materials
are all at hand and the students work quickly.
However, 1 1/2 hours is a more comfortable
amount of time. There are several
demonstrations that can be carried out using
string, ten or so balls of a few inches in
diameter, a stopwatch or clock with a sweep
second hand and some tape. The
demonstrations are best done outside, but can
also be carried out in a gymnasium or other
large room. If the materials or space are not
available, there are videos of the
demonstrations in the module and these may be
used.
A fun game to support learning about space
missions and how spacecrafts are launched
A collection of crossword puzzles that test the
knowledge of students about some of the terms,
processes, and classifications covered in science
topics
This video discusses the "two moon" hypothesis
and shows how NASA's GRAIL mission could
help confirm or refute this hypothesis
This video provides a historical background
about the definition of a planet and how
different objects discovered in space were
classified as planets or fir into a different
category
Resource Collection
Name
Exploring Magnetism Lesson Series:
Description
"These seven
NASA-funded
magnetism guides
contain activity- or
math-based lessons
on magnetic fields.
The science and
mathematics
education standards
these activities
cover are in the
beginning of the
guides... These
guides were
developed as part
of the Education
and Public
Outreach programs
of the following
NASA science
missions:
STEREOIMPACT,
RHESSI, THEMIS,
and FAST."
These are modules,
including student
worksheets, about
magnetism in
general and
especially about
the Earth's
magnetic field.
This site provides
information on the
planets, moons,
and other objects in
the solar system,
and the space
missions conducted
National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Solar System Exploration:
to study them.
Materials include
an interactive
illustration of the
solar system that
provides
descriptions, facts,
and links to
resources on solar
system objects, and
a search tool that
lets users find
information about
planetary and solar
system missions by
name, decade,
target, and nation.
Mission
information
includes a brief
history, fact sheet,
key dates, and links
to additional
information and
mission-specific
websites. The kids'
page features
interactives,
activities, models
to build, and a
gallery of kids' art.
The education page
features curriculum
materials and
resources for
museums,
planetariums, and
scientists. There
are also news
articles and event
announcements, an
multimedia gallery
with photos, video,
and interactives,
and profiles of
NASA scientists.
Teaching Idea
Name
Description
This video provides a very complete
Measuring the Distance to Nearby Stars Using Parallax:
and detailed overview of the parallax
The History of Everything - Actual Timeline Project:
The Search for ET:
effect and how it can be used to
measure astronomical distances using
the tangent function. A number of
student activities are presented
throughout the 26 minute video, so
students can have the opportunity to
engage in measuring distances to stars
and other local landmarks and can try
making the required calculations on
their own.The relevance of this
concept to other fields, such as
surveying, is also noted in the video.
A timeline project tracing major
evolutionary events from the formation
of the universe (~15 billion years ago)
through the present. Pictures and
descriptions of these events are
provided.
This PBS NOVA presentation
discusses SETI and the history of the
program to investigate the possibility
that there is intelligent life in the
universe beyond Earth. In this context
students work with very large numbers
and sampling concepts related to large
systems. It discusses the Drake
equation, the electromagnetic
spectrum, and technology of the past
and present used to search the universe
for intelligent life, and the scientists
who have been instrumental in this
field.
Image/Photograph
Name
Description
This flyer
describes
how NASA
partners with
NASA Flyer: Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and ecomonic impacts
small
of space research:
businesses
for research
and
development
NASA Spinoff Flyers:
to further
space
exploration.
It directly
discusses the
impact of
research on
the economy
and provides
specific
examples of
innovations
that resulted
from
partnerships
with small
businesses.
A series of
NASA flyers
describe
discoveries
and
technological
advances
made in
space
research and
how these
advances
have
benefited
society. The
reading level
is high and
students may
require
vocabulary
support.
Educational Game
Name
NASA Spinoff Game:
Description
Students play this game by spinning a wheel and answering
questions for points. Through the questions they learn about
discoveries and technologies made through NASA research.
Presentation/Slideshow
Name
NASA Spinoff Website:
Description
This website contains information about technologies developed
and discoveries made as a result of NASA space research. It
also contains links to the NASA Spinoff Virtual Manipulative,
NASA Spinoff Game, NASA Exploration and Innovation
Timeline Poster, Spinoff Flyers, a Spinoff Powerpoint, and
Spinoff Magazine.
Tutorial
Name
Description
This tutorial will help the learners to understand the
solar system and will learn how it was discovered
from the historical astronomy perspective.
 Study the relation between the speed of light
and the refractive index of the medium it
passes through.
 Choose from a collection of materials with
Speed of Light in Transparent Materials:
known refractive indices and obtain the speed
of light as it passes through.
 Learn why light-years are used as an
astronomical measurement of distance.
Our Solar System:
Virtual Manipulative
Name
Description
 Observe the orbit of the earth around the sun and its
relationship to seasons
 Understand the factors affecting Earth's climate
Seasons and Ecliptic Simulator:
 Observe the effect of Earth's tilt on the seasons
Perspectives Video: Expert
Name
Description
You may know that you need to use your brain to do
Sonification and Eccentricity of the Sun:
science, but did you know you need your ears, too?
Unit/Lesson Sequence
Name
Description
This is unit 2 of the Habitable Planet series from the
Annenberg Foundation, and a great resource on the
atmosphere. It can be used to teach about the layers of
the atmosphere, air pollution, global warming, and the
carbon cycle.
This resource contains all resources necessary for a
comprehensive atmosphere unit, including notes,
The Habitable Planet - The Atmosphere:
online activities, video, and an interactive carbon lab,
all designed by a qualified scientist in the field. The
video can be used alone as it is 29 minutes long, and
the explanations in it can easily be understood by any
level of student in Earth and Space Science, Biology I
(Regular, Honors, AP), or Environmental Science of
any level. The Carbon Cycle Lab is online, or can be
completed as a simulation.
Student Resources
Title
Interactive Space Station Reference Guide:
NASA Flyer: Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and ecomonic
impacts of space research:
Description
This is an
interactive tool
that gives insight
into the crew lives
at a space station.
It provides a
virtual tour inside
the space station.
Several interesting
facts about the
International
Space Station are
given.
This flyer
describes how
NASA partners
with small
businesses for
research and
development to
further space
exploration. It
directly discusses
the impact of
research on the
economy and
provides specific
examples of
innovations that
resulted from
partnerships with
small businesses.
Our Solar System:
Robotic Exploration of Space Timeline:
Rocket Science 101:
Science Crossword Puzzles:
This tutorial will
help the learners to
understand the
solar system and
will learn how it
was discovered
from the historical
astronomy
perspective.
This interactive
timeline from
NASA journeys
through the last
century, detailing
key discoveries,
experiments,
missions, and
other events that
brought robotic
space exploration
from science
fiction to reality.
A fun game to
support
learning about
space missions and
how spacecrafts
are launched
A collection of
crossword puzzles
that test the
knowledge of
students about
some of the terms,
processes, and
ScienceCasts: Did Earth Have Two Moons?:
Seasons and Ecliptic Simulator:
Using Infrared Light to Analyze Materials:
Using the Electromagnetic Spectrum to Detect Hydrogen Fires:
classifications
covered in science
topics
This video
discusses the "two
moon" hypothesis
and shows how
NASA's GRAIL
mission could help
confirm or refute
this hypothesis
 Observe
the orbit of
the earth
around the
sun and its
relationship
to seasons
 Understand
the factors
affecting
Earth's
climate
 Observe
the effect
of Earth's
tilt on the
seasons
One way to figure
out what
something is made
of is to see what
kinds of
wavelengths of
electromagnetic
energy it can
absorb.
Learn more about
how splitting light
beams helps
researchers detect
hydrogen fires for
the space program.
What is a Planet?:
This video
provides a
historical
background about
the definition of a
planet and how
different objects
discovered in
space were
classified as
planets or fir into a
different category
Parent Resources
Title
Big Bang Song:
Kennedy Space Center Annual Report 2012:
NASA Spinoff Flyers:
NASA Spinoff Website:
Description
Creative minds will hit higher
notes when they sing their
science.
The 2012 Report of the
Kennedy Space Center includes
significant events, engineering
achievements, partnerships,
environmental work, education
work, and outreach. In
addition, the final section
includes the economic impact
and work force diversity.
A series of NASA flyers
describe discoveries and
technological advances made in
space research and how these
advances have benefited
society. The reading level is
high and students may require
vocabulary support.
This website contains
information about technologies
developed and discoveries
made as a result of NASA
space research. It also contains
links to the NASA Spinoff
Virtual Manipulative, NASA
Spinoff Game, NASA
Exploration and Innovation
Timeline Poster, Spinoff
Flyers, a Spinoff Powerpoint,
and Spinoff Magazine.
Our Solar System:
Seasons and Ecliptic Simulator:
This tutorial will help the
learners to understand the solar
system and will learn how it
was discovered from the
historical astronomy
perspective.
 Observe the orbit of the
earth around the sun
and its relationship to
seasons
 Understand the factors
affecting Earth's climate
 Observe the effect of
Earth's tilt on the
seasons
One way to figure out what
something is made of is to see
Using Infrared Light to Analyze Materials:
what kinds of wavelengths of
electromagnetic energy it can
absorb.
Learn more about how splitting
light beams helps researchers
Using the Electromagnetic Spectrum to Detect Hydrogen Fires:
detect hydrogen fires for the
space program.