Download Exam #2 Study Guide 9_24_12

BIO 101 – Exam #2 Study Guide
Chromatin – strands of DNA in nucleus during Interphase
Sister chromatids = two half’s of a chromosome
Chromatids = 2x # of chromosomes / one half of a replicated chromosome
Chromosome = coiled up DNA that passes genes on the DNA to daughter cells when the cell divides
a. most visible during mitosis/meiosis
5) Centromere – middle of a sister chromatid
i. Divides at onset of Anaphase in Mitosis and Anaphase II in Meiosis
6) Spindle fibers – what pull chromosomes apart during cell division
7) Cleavage furrow – bit of cleavage that animal cells make when dividing
8) Diploid (2n) – cell containing 2 homologous sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
i. Reproduces sexually
ii. What all cells have except egg + sperm
iii. Double the haploid
9) Haploid (n) – half the Diploid # of genes, is the egg + sperm cells
10) Dyad = 2 chromatid
11) Tetrad = 4 chromatid (Haploid #)
12) Crossing over – when chromosomes exchange segments to rearrange genetic information during
Prophase I of Meiosis
13) Homologous chromosomes – 2 chromosomes making up matched pair in a diploid cell
a. Same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
b. Possess genes for same traits at corresponding loci
c. 1 from father, 1 from mother
14) Autosomes – chromosome not involved in determining an organism’s sex
15) Sex chromosomes – determine organism’s sex
16) Gametes – reproductive cells (egg/sperm)
17) Chiasmata – microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of
homologous structures during Prophase I of Meiosis
18) Somatic cell – typical body cell
19) Karyotype – micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell (nucleus)
20) Karyokinesis – division of nucleus
21) Gametogenesis – creation of gametes within gonads
22) OOgenesis – creation of mature egg cells
23) Spermatogenesis – creation of sperm cells
24) Polar bodies – byproducts of primary/secondary oocyte at each point of meiotic division in oogenesis
(not in spermatogenesis)
25) Girls are born with their eggs already made in Prophase I; puberty comes during Metaphase II
26) Prophase is longest phase of Meiosis
27) Klinefelters – XXY (when a male has an extra X chromosome)
28) Metafemale – XXX (when a female has an extra X chromosome)
29) Turners Syndrome – X0 (45 chromosomes in female, where they lack another X chromosome)
30) Not viable – Y0
31) Mitosis – growth/repair
a. One diploid parent cell divides to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells
b. Used for asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
c. Cell cycle = 90% Interphase, 10% Mitotic phase
d. Interphase
i. G1 – cell grows + carries out normal metabolism; organelles duplicate
ii. S – DNA replication + chromosome duplication
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BIO 101 – Exam #2 Study Guide
iii. G2 – construction of spindle apparatus; chromosomes condense; cell continues growing
e. Prophase – nuclear envelope + nucleoli disappear
i. Spindle fibers begin to form
ii. Chromosomes begin to supercoil and are visible for 1st time
iii. Centrosome head to poles of cell
f. Metaphase
i. Spindle fibers fully formed
1. Attached to all of the kinetochores
ii. Centrosome are on polar sides of cell
g. Anaphase
i. Sister chromatids pulled apart at centromere by spindle fibers retracting, resulting in 1
member of each sister chromatid pair moving into a new cell
h. Telophase
i. 2 daughter cells have clear body
ii. Spindle fibers start disappearing
iii. Nucleoli reappears
iv. Chromosomes uncoil
i. Cytokinesis – division of the cell/cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells
i. Cleavage furrow forms
32) Meiosis – egg/sperm (sexual cell division)
a. One parent cell (2n) divides to form 4 haploid daughter cells which are then processed into
gametes
b. Meiosis I – homologous chromosomes separate
i. Interphase I – chromosomes duplicates  each chromosome has 2 genetically identical
sister chromatids
ii. Prophase I – crossing over occurs  tetrad forms as a result of synapsis
iii. Metaphase I – spindle microtubules attached to a kinetochore
iv. Anaphase I – sister chromatids remain attached  homologous chromosomes separate
toward 2 poles of cell
v. Telophase I + Cytokenesis – cleavage furrow forms
c. Meiosis II – sister chromatids separate during Anaphase II
33) Chemistry/Periodic Table of Elements
a. Proton = positive charge, Electron = negative charge, Neutron = neutral charge
b. # of rows = # of rings of electrons an element has
c. Atomic # = # of protons
d. Atomic weight = weight of atom’s protons & neutrons
e. 1st ring holds 2 electrons max
i. 2nd ring holds 8 electrons max
ii. 3rd ring holds 18 electrons max
iii. 4th ring holds 32 electrons max
iv. Octet rule = outer ring of an atom holds 8 electrons or less
f. Electrons are in electron cloud that surrounds nucleus of atom
g. Protons & Neutrons are in the nucleus
h. An atom is positively charged if it is missing 1 or more electrons, negatively charged if it has 1
or more electrons.
i. Negatively atoms are attracted to positively charged atoms and vice versa
i. Ions are a charged atom, positive or negative
j. Isotopes are atoms with the same # of protons & electrons, but different # of neutrons.
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BIO 101 – Exam #2 Study Guide
i. Ex. Carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are 3 isotopes of Carbon with mass #’s 12, 13,
and 14, respectively. Carbon’s atomic # is 6 meaning each carbon atom has 6 protons,
thus they contain 6, 7, and 8 neutrons, respectively.
k. ionic bond – chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged ions
l. covalent bond – strong chemical bond where 2 or more atoms share one or more pairs of outershell electrons
i. organic chemicals have carbon in covalent linkage
m. hydrogen bond – hydrogen atoms holding molecules together
34) Cells
a. Characteristics of life
i. Nutrients
ii. Respiration
iii. Need energy
iv. Enzymes
v. Cell structure
vi. Homeostasis
vii. Respond to stimuli, i.e. moisture/temp./taste
viii. Genetic material
ix. Reproduction
x. Growth
xi. Waste
b. Organelles
i. Cytoskeleton – maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of
organelles within cells; cell movement; made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments
ii. Flagella & cilia – used for movement; have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered
by cell’s plasma membrane
iii. Plasma membrane – consists of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, at
boundary of cell, acting as selective barrier to passage of ions/molecules in/out of cell
iv. Smooth ER – lipid synthesis; detox in liver cells; calcium ion storage
v. Rough ER – synthesis of membrane lipids & proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic
enzymes; formation of transport vesicles
vi. Nucleus – DNA replication, RNA synthesis; assembling of ribosomal subunits
vii. Golgi body – organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of membranous sacs that modify,
store, and ship products of the ER
viii. Peroxisome – breaks down hydrogen peroxide
ix. Lysosomes – help digest food, bacteria, and a cell’s damaged organelles for recycling
x. Mitochondria – conversion of food to energy (ATP)
xi. Chloroplasts – conversion of light energy to sugar (plant cells only)
xii. Ribosomes – protein synthesis
xiii. Cell wall – support & protection; binding of cells in tissues (plant cells only)
xiv. Centrioles – microtubules that are important for cell division in mitosis
xv. Chromatin – genetic material when a cell is not dividing
xvi. Chromosome – genetic material when a cell is dividing
c. Eukaryotic cell – cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus (plants/animals/fungi/Protista)
d. Prokaryotic cell – cell lacking membrane-enclosed nucleus (bacteria/archaea = like extreme
environments)
e. Not in animal cells – central vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata
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BIO 101 – Exam #2 Study Guide
Not in plant cells – lysosomes, centriole, flagellum
Cytoplasm – contents of eukaryotic cell between plasma membrane & nuclear membrane
Diffusion – going from area of high concentration to one of low concentration
Osmosis – diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Passive transport – diffusion of a substance across biological membrane w/o energy
Active transport – movement of a substance across biological membrane against its
concentration gradient aided by specific transport proteins and require energy (often as ATP)
l. Facilitated diffusion – passage of a substance w/ help of specific transport protein across a
biological membrane down its concentration gradient
m. Phospholipid bilayer – phosphate head = hydrophilic/water-soluble; fatty acid =
hydrophobic/water-insoluble
n. Endocytosis – cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from
plasma membrane
i. Phagocytosis – type of endocytosis consisting of cell “eating”
ii. Pinocytosis – type of endocytosis consisting of cell “drinking”
o. Exocytosis – movement of materials out of a cell’s cytoplasm by fusion of vesicles w/ plasma
membrane
p. Receptor-mediated endocytosis – movement of specific molecules into a cell by inward
budding of membrane vesicles, containing proteins w/ receptor sites specific to molecules being
taken in
q. Isotonic – a solution when surrounding a cell that has no effect on passage of water in/out of the
cell
r. Hypertonic – more solute outside, water flows out, cell shrinks (crenation)
s. Hypotonic – more solute inside, water flows in, cell bursts (lysis)
t. Word roots
i. Cyto = cell
ii. Lyso = breakdown
iii. Some = body
iv. Endo = inside
v. Exo = outside
vi. Pro = before
vii. Eu = real/true
viii. Kary = nucleus
ix. Chrome = color
x. Lipo = fat
xi. Hyper = too much
xii. Hypo = too little
35) Scientific Method
a. Observations
i. Hypotheses
1. Predictions
a. Experimentation
i. Conclusions
36) Metric System
a. Used to measure length, weight, volume, and temperature
b. Length
i. 1,000m = 1km
ii. 1.6km = 1 mile
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BIO 101 – Exam #2 Study Guide
iii. Kilo = 1,000
iv. 1m = 100 centi (hundredth) = 1,000 milli (thousandth) = 1,000,000 micro (millionth) =
1,000,000,000 nano (billionth) = 10,000,000,000 angstrom (ten billionth)
v. 5,280 ft = 1 mile
vi. 30cm = 1ft
vii. 2.54cm = 1in
c. Weight
i. ST (short ton) = 2,000lbs (used in U.S.)
ii. Long Ton = 2,240lbs (used in ships)
iii. Metric Ton = 1,000kg = 2,206lbs
d. Volume
i. 1 barrel of oil = 42 gallons
ii. 1 gallon = 3.78 liters
iii. 1 liter = 1.06 quarts
e. Temperature
i. 0 degrees C = 32 degrees F
ii. 100 degrees C = 212 degrees F
iii. 37 degrees C = 98.6 degrees F
iv. 20 degrees C = 68 degrees F
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