Download iii. plant classification

Name ________________________________________________________________ Per__________ Test Date___________________
KINGDOM PLANTAE – Chapters 22 – 25
I. INTRODUCTION (pp. 551-552)
Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics:
A. Plants are ___________________, _____________________ organisms with __________________________________________
B. All plant cells have ____________________________ composed of _____________________________.
C. Plants are ________________________, which means they can use energy from the ___________ to make ________________ in
______________________________. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________ of plant cells. The equation for
photosynthesis is _________________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Plants are _______________________; therefore, special adaptations are required for __________________________________.
II. PLANT STRUCTURE & GROWTH
(pp. 579 - 597)
A. Plant Transport
Larger plants must have a way to transport __________________ , ___________________and ___________________. This is
carried out by two types of _____________. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a ________________ in plants
known as _____________________ tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue.
1. Xylem transports ____________________ & _____________________ from the _________________ to the rest of the plant.
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Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the leaves called __________________.
2. Phloem transports __________________________________ from the _____________________ to the rest of the plant.
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Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the leaves) to where it is stored (usually stems and roots).
B. Plant Growth
1. Primary Growth – Lifelong growth occurs at the tips of the _______________ and the end of the _______________ in tissue
called the _________________________________.
2. Secondary Growth – Trees and some other plants have a second type of meristem tissue; allows them to grow in width or girth.
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______________________ is the meristem tissue that allows plants to get wider.
C. Roots
Roots _____________________________________, absorb _______________ and ______________________ from the soil, and
transport these materials to the stem. Some plants also store food in their roots.
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Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of _________________________.
D. Stems
Stems have two main functions:


_______________________ leaves and flowers.
Transporting water, minerals, and nutrients (food) (contain xylem & phloem)
E. Leaves
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The _________________________ is the actual leaf.
The vascular tissue enters the leaf through the petiole and forms the _________________ of the leaf.
Leaves are the main organ for ____________________________________. They have a large surface area for maximum
__________________________________________.
The structures of a leaf include:
A. Cuticle - ______________________ covering to prevent _____________________________
B. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents ___________________________________________________________
C. Mesophyll - __________________________________ layer of leaf
1. Palisade layer – Upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site of most ________________________________
2. Spongy layer – Underside of leaf; loosely-packed cells to allow for exchange of ___________________________________
D. Vein - _______________ + __________________
E. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that allows ______________________ to enter; ____________________ to exit.
F. Guard Cells – Control size of ________________________. Work to preserve balance between allowing for gas exchange
without losing too much _________________________. “Plant sweat” is known as ______________________________.
III. PLANT CLASSIFICATION
Plants are divided into two basic groups based on whether they contain __________________________ tissue:
A. Bryophytes (pp. 556-559)
Bryophytes, or ______________, are the only group of plants that lack vascular tissue. This limits both the __________________
and _______________________ of this group of plants. Mosses are _______________ and typically live in __________________
areas. In addition, a moist climate is required because mosses have ______________________ sperm. The sperm must swim to
the __________________ cell in order for _____________________________ to take place.
B. Ferns (pp. 560 - 562)
No pollen, no seeds, no fruits
Although ferns contain vascular tissue, they are still found predominantly in moist climates because the sperm must __________
to the egg cell.
Seeds
Not all plants produce seeds, but those that do have a tremendous reproductive advantage. A seed consists of an ______________
surrounded by a tough protective coat.
Survival Advantages of Seeds
a. Protection
b. Nourishment - ____________________ is stored in the seed for developing __________________________
c. Dispersal – Easily spread by ______________________________________; reduces competition for __________________
d. Dormancy – Seeds remain dormant or _______________________ until conditions are _________________________.
C. Gymnosperms – Have pollen and seeds, no fruit
The word, “gymnosperm” means _________________________ because the seed is not protected by a _________________.
A unique characteristic of gymnosperms is the presence of ________________. The largest and most common phyla is
________________ which includes _________________________________. Conifers have characteristic leaves called
___________________, which are modified to ______________________________ and ____________________________.
In addition, gymnosperms (and angiosperms) have “flying sperm” or _______________________, so they are no longer tied to
______________________ for reproduction.
D. Angiosperms – Have pollen, seeds, and fruit
IV. ANGIOSPERMS - A CLOSER LOOK (pp. 569 - 572)
Angiosperms are the most complex and adaptable of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important
modifications:
A. Fruit - A fruit is a mature ______________________ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater
____________________ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also facilitates seed dispersal because fruits are eaten by
_________________, seeds pass through ________________________________ and are _______________________. Some
fruits are not intended to be ____________________.
B. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances ________________________, which occurs
as a first step to fertilization.
1. The male reproductive organ is the ___________________, which consists of the _____________________ and
____________________. _________________, is produced by the anther and contains the ______________________.
2. The female reproductive organ is the ________________, which consists of the sticky top called the _______________,
a neck called the ________________ and a base called the __________________. The ovary contains the female
gametes - ____________ or ______________. During ________________________,pollen is transferred from the
anther to the stigma. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it sends out a _______________________ that grows
through the style to the __________________. Ovule fertilized by _______________________. (Fertilization)
3. The _____________________ are usually colorful to attract pollinators.
C. Types of Angiosperms – Angiosperms are further classified into two groups based on characteristics.
Monocots include plants such as _____________________________. Monocot seeds have __________ cotyledon
(seed leaf). These are seeds that cannot be split in half, like a piece of corn. Dicots are more abundant and include
plants such as ________________________________. Dicots have _________ cotyledons. These seeds can be split
in half like peanuts and beans
V. PLANT RESPONSES
A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same
individual. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of _____________________________,
and the plants ________________________ to environmental conditions.
A. Tropism- response of a plant to an environmental ____________________________.
1. Phototropism - is the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of _____________________. This process uses
a hormone known as _____________________. Auxin is produced in the apical meristem and is transported
downward into the rest of the plant. Auxin production increases in the shaded part of the stem and it stimulates
___________________________. This causes the dark side of the stem to elongate, resulting in the stem to bend
away from the shade and ____________________________.
2. Gravitropism - plant’s response to ____________________. This assures that roots grow down and stems grow up.
__________________ is also the hormone responsible for gravitropism.
3. Thigmotropism - plant’s response to _______________. This allows a plant to grow on a surface that can support it.
Whenever the stem touches the support, the cells on the opposite side of the stem grow longer, causing the stem to
______________around or grasp a hold of the support.