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AP European History Fall Final Exam Review Guide
Chapters 9 & 10 (Middle Ages & Renaissance)
1. What was the Great Schism? What leaders did it involve? What were its causes and consequences to the
medieval church in Europe?
2. Compare and contrast Medieval vs. Renaissance European society.
3. What Italian city- state had the most significant role in trade between Europe and Asia?
4. Who were the Medicis? What region of Italy did they govern?
5. What is humanism? Who were the first humanists?
6. Identify the great artists/ art pieces of the High Renaissance, as well as the characteristics of Renaissance
art.
7. What was the purpose of Machiavelli’s “The Prince”? What was this work about? Who was it directed
toward?
8. Compare and contrast Italian and Northern humanism
9. What motivated the first explorations of the New World? Where did Christopher Columbus think he had
landed?
Key Terms:
Vernacular language
Unam Sanctam
Pope Boniface VIII
Babylonian Captivity (Avignon papacy)
Great Schism
Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
Medici Family
Pope Alexander VI
Ferdinand and Isabella
humanism
secularism
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
Donatello
perspective
Castiglione, The Courtier
Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince
Gutenberg’s printing press
Columbus
Chapters 11 & 12 (Protestant Reformation & Religious Wars)
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Where/ When did the Protestant Reformation first begin?
Why were people unhappy with the Church?
Who was Martin Luther? What was his role during the Protestant Reformation?
What did the medieval church teach about salvation and indulgences? How did the beliefs of Luther differ
than the Church?
Discuss the theological ideology of Luther, Zwingli and Calvin, and be able discuss their differences and
similarities
What did the Peace of Augsburg recognize in law that had already been in practice?
What was the Council of Trent? What did it accomplish?
Examine and discuss the English Reformation in relation to the Reformation on the Continent. Discuss the
extent to which it represented a religious as well as a political movement.
Who were the Huguenots? What percentage of the French population did they make up?
What event sparked the beginning of the French wars of religion?
Who was Henry IV? How did he come to power in France?
What was the Edict of Nantes? What did it accomplish?
Under what circumstances were the United Provinces of the Netherlands created? Who were the rulers of
this region in disagreement with? Why?
Identify where the Thirty Years War first broke out and list its causes and consequences. What countries
were involved?
Key Terms:
Martin Luther
indulgences
Ninety-Five Theses
Diet of Worms
Ulrich Zwingli
John Calvin
Peace of Augsburg
Council of Trent
Transubstantiation
Charles V (HRE)
Jesuits
Anabaptists
Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn
Act of Succession
Edward VI
Elizabeth I of England
Mary I of England
Counter –Reformation
Huguenots
Henry IV of France
Edict of Nantes
Catherine de Medicis
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Chapter 13 (Absolutism & Constitutionalism)
24. Describe the reigns of James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II.
25. Charles I – “Petition of Right”: What was it, and how did it reflect the growing friction between the
Monarchy and Parliament?
26. Explain the English Civil War. Who was Oliver Cromwell? What was his role?
27. Describe the Glorious Revolution
28. Who revoked the Edict of Nantes? Why? What did it result in?
Key Terms:
constitutionalism
Petition of Right
Treaty of Dover
Protectorate
William III
Mary II
divine right
Versailles
absolutism
Sun King
“l’etat c’est moi”
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Mazarin
Jansenism
Pragmatic Sanction
Junkers
St. Petersburg
Table of Ranks
Romanovs
Hohenzollens
Cavaliers
Roundheads
English Civil War
Glorious Revolution
Chapter 14 & 18 (Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment)
29. Where/from whom had the accepted theories about the universe come from until the Scientific
Revolution?
30. Who was known as the father of empiricism?
31. Who were deists? What did they believe?
32. Who wrote Encyclopedia?
33. Who was Rene Descartes? What was his theory? How did it differ from Bacon’s
34. Where did the Enlightenment begin?
35. What was an “Enlightened Absolutist?” What kinds of reforms were made in central and eastern Europe
under Enlightened Absolutists
36. List the following thinkers, their beliefs, major contributions and works:
a. Ptolemy & Aristotle
f. Kepler
j. Rousseau
b. Brahe
g. Bacon
k. Locke
c. Copernicus
h. Descartes
l. Adam Smith
d. Newton
i. Hobbes
e. Galileo
Key Terms:
geocentrism
heliocentrism
empiricism
enlightened absolutism
Catherine the Great of Russia
Frederick
Frederick
deism
Encyclopedia
Salons
philosophes
Chapter 15 (Successful and Unsuccessful Paths to Power)
37. How was the Netherlands different from other European regions? What type of government did they
have? How did this differ from the rest of Europe?
38. What were the characteristics of their Golden Age? What caused their decline in power?
39. What caused the weakness of the Polish government?
38. Pair the absolute monarchs of central and eastern Europe with the region they controlled (Prussia, Russia,
Austria)
39. What ruler was known as the Great Elector? How did he and his successor reform Prussia?
40. How did Peter the Great reform Russia?
Key Terms
Hanoverian dynasty
Habsburgs
Hohenzollerns
Junkers
Romanovs
St. Petersburg
Table of Ranks
Pragmatic Sanction
The Great Elector
Sejm (Poland)
Frederick William I
Chapter 16 (Society and Economy Under the Old Regime)
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How much of European society was made up of the nobility?
What was the “Aristocratic Resurgence” and where did it take place?
What was the economic basis of life in the 18th century?
What types of changes took place during the Agricultural Revolution?
What caused the population increase in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and which industry was the most important? What role did
overseas colonies play in the Industrial Revolution?
47. How did life in the cities change due to Industrialization? What new classes emerged?
Key Terms
Ancien Regime
Jethro Tull
Enclosure Acts
Industrial Revolution
Chapter 17 (The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars & Colonial Rebellion)
48. What factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?
49. What is mercantilism? What was the purpose of colonies according to mercantilist theory?
50. What two countries relied on the importation of African slaves when they experienced a labor shortage?
Key Terms
Mercantilism
War of Austrian Succession
Seven Year’s War
War of Jenkins’ Ear
Chapter 19 (The French Revolution)
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56.
Discuss the problems that plagued France before the revolution
Discuss the causes and course of the beginning of the popular revolution in France.
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
Who proclaimed “The Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen?”
What form of government did the National Constituent Assembly try to pursue?
Who were the “sans culottes”? What role did they play in the French Revolution? What were their political
wishes?
57. Who was Maximilien Robespierre? What was his ideology?
58. What were the results of the Thermidorian Reaction?
Key Terms
Old Regime, Ancien Régime
First, Second, and Third Estates
bourgeoisie
parlements
Louis XVI
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
The Bastille
The Great Fear
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen
Marie Antoinette
Maximilien Robespierre;
Jacobins
Committee of Public Safety
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Reign of Terror
Thermidorian Reaction
levee en masse
The Directory
Chapter 20 (Napoleonic Era, Congress of Vienna, Romanticism)
59. How did Napoleon restore order in France after he took control?
60. What was the Continental System?
61. What country withdrew from the Continental System in 1812 and what did this cause?
62. How did Napoleon decline in power?
63. What did the Congress of Vienna hope to establish?
64. What are the central features of the Romantic Movement in Germany?
65. Romantics drew their inspiration from the art, literature, and architecture of what era?
Key Terms
Napoleon Bonaparte
coup d’état
the Consulate
Napoleonic Code
Congress of Vienna
the “Hundred Days”
Battle of Waterloo
Quadruple Alliance
Nationalism
Romanticism
Treaty of Tilsit
Confederation of the Rhine
Constitution of the Year VIII