Download Chapter 15 - Wesleyan College Faculty

BIO Review Sheet – Final 2006
Chapter 1
Organization of Life
Emergent Properties of Life
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes (characteristics of each)
Basics of classification
Properties of Living things
Basic ideas of Evolution
Scientific Method – Hypothesis formulation, dependent vs independent variable identification,
controlled variables, etc.
Info from Lab #1 on using scientific method
Chapter 2
Matter, elements, compounds (what they are, why this info is important)
Elements of life (major vs minor, who they are)
Atomic structure (number, mass, isotopes, why this info is important and what it means)
Energy levels of electrons (eg., valence electrons, orbitals, etc and how this determines interactions of
elements)
ID info on Periodic Table (interpret info on Table or provide info on common elements of life like H,
C, O, N etc)
Bonding (Types, significance, including weak bonds)
Chemical Reactions (balance equations, ID reactants, products, etc)
Lab #2 – Chemical analysis of food (all reagents, what organics they indicate and pH info)
Chapter 3
Structure and significance of water
Emergent properties of water (eg., adhesion, cohesion etc)
Water as a solvent (and molecular mechanism of this ability)
Solutes, solvents, hydrophobic, hydrophilic (relevance thereof)
pH (all aspects)
Acids and bases (recognize them, understand why something acts as an acid, base, buffer, etc. )
Chapter 4
Carbon – why is is important in life, mechanism of its versatility
What is organic chemistry (and why do you care?)
Carbon skeletons (variants, formulas, models, isomers etc)
Functional groups (ID by sight, understand significance thereof)
Chapter 5
Condensation synthesis reactions – what they are, what happens
Classes of organic compounds – recognize monomers, polymers, types of linkages (eg., peptide bonds,
ester linkages)
Biological functions of all four classes of organic compounds
Chapter 6
Basics of microscopy (including info from Lab #4, examples= parts of microscope, different types of
microscopes, magnification calculations, thread, letter e etc)
All organelles and their structures and functions
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, animal vs plant cells
Membranes and their functions
Endomembrane system – which organelles belong, which don’t and why
Cytoskeleton – structure and functions
Cell surfaces and junctions
Chapter 7
Membrane structure and function
Function of different constituencies in cell membrane (phospholipids, sugars, proteins, cholesterol etc)
Functions of membrane proteins (basic, Fig 8.9 useful)
Diffusion, osmosis, passive transport vs active transport (how and why they function), exocytosis,
endocytosis
Chapter 8
Catabolic vs anabolic pathways (endergonic vs exergonic reactions)
Energy and its significance in chemical reactions (eg., potential, kinetic)
Role of ATP in energy transfer reactions
Enzymes and their significance – all aspects
Lab #3 – Enzymes and their activities – influence of temp, pH, substrate, inhibitors on enzyme activity
Chapter 9
Everything that goes into and comes out of all stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle,
ETS)
Cellular respiration study sheet (analogy) has excellent questions
Oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylation – what is it, why is it different, where it occurs etc.
Endergonic vs exergonic reactions, redox reactions (basic), be able to follow electrons (and H+) in
cellular respiration
Uses of ATP produced in cellular respiration
Physical location of all steps in cellular respiration and why this is significant
Basics of fermentation
Chapter 10
Everything that goes into and comes out of all stages of photosynthesis (light reactions and dark
reactions)
Compare and contrast photosynthesis with cellular respiration
Equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis – and be able to explain them
Nature of sunlight, role of photosynthetic pigments, how light is used in photosynthesis
(all figures we discussed in class, especially Fig 10.12, 10.15, 10.1610.17, 10.18, 10.19)
C4 vs CAM plants (what they are, why the adaptations are necessary)
Role of electron carriers in photosynthesis vs cellular respiration
Physical locations for rxns of photosynthesis (what is purpose of these locations?)
Make sure you understand the lab material (Lab #5), all is fair game
Chapter 12
Functions of cell division
All stages of mitosis – what happens in each, what each one “looks” like including chromosome
movement and segregation (info in Fig 12.5 very useful)
Role of mitotic spindle in mitosis
Cytokinesis vs Karyokinesis
Mitosis in plant vs animal cells
All check points
External and internal regulation of cell cycle
Differences in normal vs transformed cells
Make sure you have reviewed info from Lab #6, as you will be asked to identify stages of the cell
cycle in slides of both plants and animal cells for both mitosis and meiosis
Chapter 13
Purpose of meiosis
Mitosis vs meiosis compare and contrast
All stages of meiosis (Fig 13.7 useful)
Different types of life cycles (basic, from fig 13.6)
Independent assortment, crossing over (and how and where crossing over occurs) and random
fertilization – what they are, how they are significant
Chapter 14
Gregor Mendel
Character, trait, true breeding, P1, F1, F2 generations, alleles, dominant, recessive, heterozygote,
homozygote, segregation, hybrids, genotype, phenotype
Testcross
Monohybrid, Dihybrid crosses and expected ratios
Probability and genetics
Rule of multiplication (be able to use it for any type of cross)
Incomplete dominance vs codominance vs multiple alleles vs polygenic inheritance
Pedigree analysis (identify types of inheritance from given pedigree)
Be familiar with diseases that are inherited in simple Mendelian fashion (eg., sickle cell, CF,
Huntington's).
Genetics problems - probability, type of inheritance, frequencies of phenotype in offspring etc.
Make sure to review FLYLAB info from lab #7
Chapter 15
Chromosomal behavior and Mendel's laws
Morgan and fruit flies (sex linked genes)
Inheritance and sex linked genes
Linkage vs unlinked genes
Independent assortment
Recombination and how frequency relates to genetic mapping
X inactivation
Nondisjunction and polyploidy/aneuploidy
Deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations
Chapter 16
Griffith experiment (transformation)
Hershey/Chase experiment
Chargaff's rule (A:T, C:G)
Nature of DNA (double stranded, antiparallel, helical etc)
Mechanism of DNA replication (all steps, see Figs in Powerpoint lectures online)
Mismatch repair
Telomeres , telomerase (significance and function)
Chapter 17
Transcription, all steps (see Figs in Powerpoint lectures online)
Be able to read codon usage table to translate proteins
Translation, all steps (esp Review figure at end of chapter and individual steps as described in
Powerpoint slides online)
Targeting of translation to cytosol or RER by SRP (basic idea)
Types of RNA
Changes in genetic material --- changes in protein structure (point mutations, insertions, deletions etc.,
figs 17.23-17.25.)
Figure 17.26
Chapter 18
TMV
Types of viral genomes
Viral parts (eg., Capsid, envelope)
Host range of viruses
Viral reproductive cycle (fig 18.5)
Lytic vs lysogenic (Figs 18.6, 18.7)
Mechanism of AIDS replication (Fig 18.10)
Prions - what they are, how they work
Chapter 20
PCR
Basics of cloning/recombinant DNA technology
RFLP and restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis
Practical uses of DNA technology
Review info in DNA Lab (#8) – pay attention to types of topics covered in previous exam
All lab info, labs 7,8 &9, including population genetic info (Hardy-Weinberg-Castle etc) – you may
see a problem from Lab #9, so it would be good if you did the problems required at the end of that lab
(#1, 2 and 3).
New Material (approximately 15-20% of final points):
Ch 22
Persons of interest: Darwin, Larmarck, Cuvier, Aristotle, Linnaeus, Wallace – what they did, what role
they played in the science of the time, how they influenced Darwin
Voyage of the Beagle & Darwin’s observations during his voyage
Natural selection, adaptation, descent with modification, evolution
Examples of natural selection
Evidence for evolution (eg., anatomic, embryologic, molecular homologies)
Ch 23
Population, gene pool, allele frequency, Hardy-Weinberg-Castle (assumptions and how to use the
equation)
Causes of microevolution
Genetic variation – polymorphism, sexual recombination, mutation
Directional vs Diversifying vs stabilizing selection vs sexual selection
Challenges and benefits of asexual vs sexual reproduction
Ch 50 - Ecology
Info from student presentations
Lab #10 – Use and meaning of Simpson’s Index, ideas of population ecology, biodiversity, habitat,
niche, gradient, distribution, etc. Take home message from results of lab, taxonomic keying of inverts
to identify Phylum and class.