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The Long Nineteenth Century WHAP/Napp The Time Period: 1750 – 1914 C.E. Less than two centuries covered but a time when the world changed dramatically Europe’s influence in the West waned even as it waxed in the East The American and French Revolutions influenced movements for independence in colonial Latin America Napoleon tried to conquer Europe Italy and Germany unified into modern nation-states Japan became an imperial power India was entirely overrun by the British The United States rose to become a world power The Industrial Revolution – the single biggest event of the time period – seemed to impact everything it touched, from political and economic developments, to the drive for colonial holdings in Africa and Asia, to daily life The Age of European Imperialism occurred Industry and Imperialism The Industrial Revolution: ______________________________________________________ Beginning in Britain: __________________________________________________________ The Revolution Spread: ________________________________________________________ Another Agricultural Revolution: ________________________________________________ New Crops from the Americas: __________________________________________________ Crop Rotation and No Fallow Fields: _____________________________________________ Enclosure: ___________________________________________________________________ New Machines for Farming: ____________________________________________________ Urbanization: _________________________________________________________________ Growth of Cities: ______________________________________________________________ The End of the Domestic System: ________________________________________________ Flying Shuttle: ________________________________________________________________ Spinning Jenny: _______________________________________________________________ Richard Arkwright: ___________________________________________________________ Edward Cartwright: ___________________________________________________________ Eli Whitney: __________________________________________________________________ Cotton Gin: ___________________________________________________________________ Industrialization and the Textile Industry: _________________________________________ Steam Engine: ________________________________________________________________ Thomas Newcomer: ___________________________________________________________ James Watt: __________________________________________________________________ Robert Fulton: ________________________________________________________________ George Stephenson: ____________________________________________________________ The Impact of Vast Amounts of Coal in Britain: ____________________________________ Telegraph: ___________________________________________________________________ Telephone: ___________________________________________________________________ Light bulb: ___________________________________________________________________ Internal Combustion Engine: ___________________________________________________ Radio: ______________________________________________________________________ Airplane: ___________________________________________________________________ Pasteurization: ________________________________________________________________ Vaccinations: ________________________________________________________________ Charles Darwin: _____________________________________________________________ Theory of Evolution:___________________________________________________________ Natural Selection: ____________________________________________________________ Factory System: _____________________________________________________________ Interchangeable Parts: ________________________________________________________ Henry Ford: __________________________________________________________________ Assembly Line: _______________________________________________________________ Treatment of Workers: ________________________________________________________ Low Wages: _________________________________________________________________ Unsafe Working Conditions:____________________________________________________ Child Labor: ________________________________________________________________ Charles Dickens: ____________________________________________________________ Emergence of Middle Class: ____________________________________________________ Middle Class Women and the Domestic Sphere: ___________________________________ Adam Smith: ________________________________________________________________ The Wealth of Nations: ________________________________________________________ Private Ownership: __________________________________________________________ Free Market System: _________________________________________________________ Capitalism: _________________________________________________________________ Laissez-faire Capitalism: _____________________________________________________ The Invisible Hand: _________________________________________________________ Supply and Demand: ________________________________________________________ Karl Marx: _________________________________________________________________ Friedrich Engels: ____________________________________________________________ The Communist Manifesto:____________________________________________________ The Proletariat: _____________________________________________________________ The Revolution of the Proletariat: ______________________________________________ The Dictatorship of the Proletariat: ____________________________________________ Communism: _______________________________________________________________ Socialism: __________________________________________________________________ Luddites: ___________________________________________________________________ Reforms to Free Market: ______________________________________________________ Factory Act of 1883: __________________________________________________________ Labor Unions: _______________________________________________________________ Strikes: _____________________________________________________________________ Public Education: _____________________________________________________________ Social Mobility: _______________________________________________________________ Abolition of Slavery: ___________________________________________________________ Reforms Improved Status of Men: ________________________________________________ Woman’s Suffrage Movement: ___________________________________________________ Improvements in Standard of Living: _____________________________________________ Immigration and the Americas: __________________________________________________ Anti-Semitism: ________________________________________________________________ Irish Potato Famine: __________________________________________________________ The Drive for Natural Resources: _______________________________________________ Colonization: _________________________________________________________________ Environmental Impact of Industrialization: _______________________________________ The Drive for Colonies: ________________________________________________________ Colonies and Trade: __________________________________________________________ Social Darwinists: ____________________________________________________________ Rudyard Kipling: ____________________________________________________________ “White Man’s Burden”: _______________________________________________________ Ethnocentrism: ______________________________________________________________ European Imperialism in India: ________________________________________________ India’s Resources: ____________________________________________________________ Decline of Mughal Empire: ____________________________________________________ The British East India Company: _______________________________________________ Robert Clive: ________________________________________________________________ Sepoys: _____________________________________________________________________ Sepoy Mutiny: _______________________________________________________________ 1858: _______________________________________________________________________ India as a Crown Colony: _______________________________________________________ Bahadur Shah II: _____________________________________________________________ Queen Victoria as Empress of India: _____________________________________________ Raw Materials to Britain: ______________________________________________________ Finished Goods to the Colony: __________________________________________________ Upper Castes Anglicized: ______________________________________________________ Railroads and Canals Built: ____________________________________________________ Indian National Congress: _____________________________________________________ European Imperialism in China: ________________________________________________ Canton: _____________________________________________________________________ Opium: ______________________________________________________________________ Imperial Edict on Opium: ______________________________________________________ First Opium War: _____________________________________________________________ Treaty of Nanjing: _____________________________________________________________ “Unequal Treaties”: ____________________________________________________________ Hong Kong: __________________________________________________________________ Second Opium War: ___________________________________________________________ Trading Concessions: _________________________________________________________ White Lotus Rebellions: _______________________________________________________ Taiping Rebellion: ____________________________________________________________ Manchu Self-Strengthening Movement: __________________________________________ Sino-French War: _____________________________________________________________ Sino-Japanese War: ___________________________________________________________ Treaty of Shimonoseki: ________________________________________________________ Spheres of Influence: __________________________________________________________ Open Door Policy: ____________________________________________________________ The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists: ________________________________ The Boxers: __________________________________________________________________ The Boxer Rebellion: ___________________________________________________________ The Boxer Protocol: ____________________________________________________________ Contrasting European Imperialism in China and in India: ___________________________ Manchu Abolished Foot Binding in 1901: _________________________________________ 1905, End of Examination System: ______________________________________________ 1911, Manchu Government Toppled: _____________________________________________ Sun Yat-sen: _________________________________________________________________ The Three Principles of the People: ______________________________________________ Commodore Perry: ___________________________________________________________ Treaty of Kanagawa: __________________________________________________________ Meiji Restoration: _____________________________________________________________ Abolishing Samurai Class in Japan: ______________________________________________ Modernization and Industrialization in Japan: _____________________________________ The Opening of Japan: _________________________________________________________ Japan’s Industrial Revolution: __________________________________________________ Japan Defeated China in 1895 for Control of Korea and Taiwan: _____________________ Russo-Japanese War of 1904: ___________________________________________________ Zaibatsu: ____________________________________________________________________ Japan and Lack of Natural Resources: ___________________________________________ The Establishment of Liberia by Former American Slaves: __________________________ European Imperialism in Africa: ________________________________________________ 1795 – The British Seized Cape Town: ____________________________________________ Boers or Afrikaners Trekked Northeast: __________________________________________ Discovery of Gold and Diamonds by Boers in Transvaal: ____________________________ Boer War: ____________________________________________________________________ South Africa as a British Colony: _________________________________________________ 1910 – the Union of South Africa: ________________________________________________ The African National Congress: _________________________________________________ The Local Rulers or Beys of the Ottoman Empire: _________________________________ Muhammad Ali in Egypt Defeated the French and Ottomans: _______________________ Ali’s Westernization and Industrialization Efforts: ________________________________ After Ali: ____________________________________________________________________ The Suez Canal, Egyptians, French: _____________________________________________ Egypt Sold Shares of Canal to British: ___________________________________________ French Pushed Out of Canal and Egypt by British: ________________________________ The Berlin Conference: ________________________________________________________ Otto von Bismarck and the Conference: __________________________________________ European Division and Conquest of Africa: _______________________________________ Only Ethiopia and Liberia – Independent: ________________________________________ European Addition of Infrastructure to Continent: _________________________________ European Boundaries Not African: ______________________________________________ Brutality of Belgian Congo: ____________________________________________________ Contrasting European Rule of African Colonies: ___________________________________ European Direct Rule but British Indirect Rule in Africa: ___________________________ The Quest for Africa’s Resources: _______________________________________________ The Impact of Arbitrary Not Cultural Boundaries: _________________________________ Political Developments in the Americas and Europe The American Revolution: _____________________________________________________ French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War): _____________________________________ George Grenville and Later Charles Townshend: __________________________________ Revenue Act: ________________________________________________________________ Stamp Act: ___________________________________________________________________ Tea Act: ______________________________________________________________________ Tea in Boston Harbor: _________________________________________________________ Lexington and Concord: _______________________________________________________ Thomas Paine and Common Sense: ______________________________________________ The French and the American Revolutionaries: ____________________________________ Constitution and Bill of Rights: __________________________________________________ Independent and Democratic United States of America: _____________________________ Influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution: _________________________ The French Revolution: ________________________________________________________ Louis XVI and the Need for Revenue: ____________________________________________ The Meeting of the Estates General: _____________________________________________ The First Estate: _____________________________________________________________ The Second Estate: ____________________________________________________________ The Third Estate: _____________________________________________________________ The Bourgeoisie: ______________________________________________________________ The National Assembly: ________________________________________________________ Storming the Bastille: __________________________________________________________ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: __________________________________ Abolished the Feudal System in France: ___________________________________________ Establishing the Nation-State: ___________________________________________________ Austrian and Prussian Invasion of France: _________________________________________ The Convention Abolished the Monarchy: _________________________________________ Jacobins: _____________________________________________________________________ The Execution of the King for Treason: ___________________________________________ Contrasting the American and French Revolutions: _________________________________ The Committee of Public Safety: _________________________________________________ Maximilien Robespierre: _______________________________________________________ The Guillotine: ________________________________________________________________ The Execution of Robespierre: ___________________________________________________ The Directory: ________________________________________________________________ Napoleon Bonaparte: ___________________________________________________________ Napoleonic Codes: _____________________________________________________________ But Extremely Paternalistic: _____________________________________________________ Napoleon’s Empire: ____________________________________________________________ Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia: ___________________________________________________ Napoleon’s Defeat in Russia: ____________________________________________________ Napoleon’s First Exile: _________________________________________________________ Napoleon’s Escape and the Battle of Waterloo: _____________________________________ Napoleon’s Permanent Exile: ____________________________________________________ The Congress of Vienna: ________________________________________________________ Prince von Metternich: _________________________________________________________ A Balance of Power and Restoring the Old Order: __________________________________ Latin American Independence Movements: ________________________________________ A Slave Revolt in Haiti: _________________________________________________________ Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture: ___________________________________________________ Napoleon, Haiti, and L’Ouverture: _______________________________________________ Jacques Dessalines: ____________________________________________________________ Simon Bolivar: ________________________________________________________________ Resentment of Creoles Towards Peninsulares: ______________________________________ Resentment Towards Mercantilist Policies: ________________________________________ Gran Colombia: _______________________________________________________________ Jose de San Martin: ____________________________________________________________ Bernardo O’Higgins: ___________________________________________________________ Portugal’s John VI: ____________________________________________________________ Pedro and Brazilian Independence: _______________________________________________ Pedro II: _____________________________________________________________________ Pedro II and the Abolition of Slavery: ____________________________________________ Class Conflict in Brazil: ________________________________________________________ A Republic in Brazil in 1889: ____________________________________________________ Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico: ______________________________________________________ Jose Morelos in Mexico: ________________________________________________________ Class Conflict in Mexico: _______________________________________________________ Treaty of Cordoba: ____________________________________________________________ Problems in Latin American After Independence: __________________________________ Dependent on Cash Crops and Monoculture: ______________________________________ The Monroe Doctrine: _________________________________________________________ U.S. Intervention in Latin America: ______________________________________________ Nationalism – A Consequence of the Napoleonic Era: _______________________________ The Unification of Italy: ________________________________________________________ Victor Emmanuel II: ___________________________________________________________ Count Camillo Cavour: _________________________________________________________ Giuseppe Garibaldi: ___________________________________________________________ The Red Shirts: _______________________________________________________________ The Unification of Germany: ____________________________________________________ Prussia: ______________________________________________________________________ Otto von Bismarck: ____________________________________________________________ “Blood and Iron”: _____________________________________________________________ William I: ____________________________________________________________________ Franco-Prussian War: __________________________________________________________ Industrialization of Germany: ___________________________________________________ William II: ___________________________________________________________________ Other Political Developments: Romanov Czars: ______________________________________________________________ Alexander II: _________________________________________________________________ The Emancipation Edict: _______________________________________________________ Leo Tolstoy: __________________________________________________________________ Dostoyevsky: _________________________________________________________________ Tchaikovsky: _________________________________________________________________ Assassination of Alexander II: __________________________________________________ The People’s Will: _____________________________________________________________ Alexander III: ________________________________________________________________ Russification: ________________________________________________________________ Anti-Semitism: _______________________________________________________________ Nicholas II: __________________________________________________________________ Russian Socialists: ____________________________________________________________ Russia’s Defeat in Russo-Japanese War: ___________________________________________ Bloody Sunday: _______________________________________________________________ Peter Stolypin: ________________________________________________________________ The Duma: ___________________________________________________________________ The Beginning of the End of the Romanov Dynasty: _________________________________ The Declining Ottoman Empire: _________________________________________________ British and French Fears of the Russian Empire Seizing the Eastern Mediterranean: _____ Keeping the Ottoman Empire to Prevent Russian Expansion: _________________________ As in the Crimean War: ________________________________________________________ 1883 and British Control of Egypt: _______________________________________________ President Monroe and a New Doctrine: ___________________________________________ A Doctrine Backed by Britain: __________________________________________________ Roosevelt Corollary: ___________________________________________________________ Inciting the Panamanians to Declare Independence: ________________________________ The Panama Canal: ___________________________________________________________ The Spanish-American War: ___________________________________________________ The United States and New Territories: __________________________________________ Technology and Innovations: Railroads: ____________________________________________________________________ New Machines: ________________________________________________________________ The Power of Infrastructure: ____________________________________________________ New Forms of Entertainment for the Urban Working Class: __________________________ Modern Forms of Art in Europe Influenced by Contact with Asia and Africa: ___________ Impressionism: ________________________________________________________________ Cubism: ______________________________________________________________________ Surrealism: ___________________________________________________________________ Art Nouveau: _________________________________________________________________ Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women A Low Point in Terms of Women’s Rights: _________________________________________ Joining Reform Movements, Labor Unions, and Socialist Parties: _____________________ Denied Access to Education Due to Ideas Based on Social Darwinism: __________________ During this time period, there were many forces of change Exploration Industrialization Education The Continuing Impact of the Enlightenment The End of Slavery Military Superiority Nationalism Imperialism Racism Capitalism Marxism Trains and Ships Telegraph Cables Planes Urbanization Of course, most change – even “revolutionary” change – didn’t entirely supplant everything that came before it Slavery was successfully outlawed, but that didn’t mean that former slaves were suddenly welcomed as equals Racism, both social and institutional, continued The United States declared its independence eloquently and convincingly, and then many of the signers went home to their slaves Factory workers argued tirelessly for humane working conditions, but once achieved, happily processed raw materials stolen from distant lands where the interests of the natives were often entirely disregarded Change is indeed very complex, but it’s also impossible to ignore Life for virtually everyone on the globe was different in 1914 than in 1750 Important Terms: Absolute Monarch Assembly Line Capital Capitalism Cartel Commercial Communism Constitution Corporation Emancipation Enclosure Estates-General Factory Free Market Free Trade Imperialism Industrial Revolution Laissez-faire Labor Union Marxism Monopoly Nationalism Nation-State Natural Resources Revolution Rural Urban Social Class Social Darwinism Socialism Suffrage Trade Union Universal Suffrage Urbanization Utopia/Utopian Wage Labor People, Places, and Events American Revolution Berlin Conference Bloody Sunday Boer Wars Boxer Rebellion British East India Company Charles Darwin Communist Manifesto Congress of Vienna Declaration of Independence Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The Diet of Japan Emancipation of Serfs Empress Cixi Friedrich Engels Execution of Louis XVI Miguel Hidalgo Indian National Congress Intolerable Acts The Jewel in the Crown Mahmut II Karl Marx Maxim Guns Meiji Restoration Monroe Doctrine Muhammed Ali Muslim League Napoleon Bonaparte Open Door Policy Opium Wars Panama Canal The Raj Reign of Terror Cecil Rhodes Rudyard Kipling Russification Russo-Japanese War Scramble for Africa Sepoy Mutiny Seven Years War (French and Indian) Sino-Japanese War Spanish American War Spheres of Influence Suez Canal The State Duma of Russia Steam Engine (James Watts) Taiping Rebellion Unequal Treaties Otto von Bismarck Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith) White Man’s Burden Witte Industrialization Program Young Turks Party
