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Modern World History
Semester 1 Review
Fall 2010
Judaism
Holy Text: Torah
Concept of God: Monotheistic
Date of Founding: 1800 BC
Holy Days: Yom Kippur, Rosh
Hashanah,
Passover
Place of Origin: Canaan
Place of Worship: Synagogue
Internal Divisions:
Reformed/Orthodox/
Conservative
Afterlife: None
Holy Sites: Western Wall
Leaders:
Abraham/Isaac/Jacob/Maimoni
des
Basic Beliefs: Good
deeds/Visit the sick
/Respect the Shabbas.
Women's Status: The position
of women is
seen as separate but equal.
Obligations and
responsibilities are different
but no
less important.
Rituals: Shabbas/Bar and Bat
Mitzvahs
/Brit Millah
(circumcision)/Home rituals
/Death rituals.
Laws: Ten Commandments,
613 total
Christianity
Holy Text: Bible
Concept of God: Monotheistic
Date of Founding: 44-46 CE
Holy Days: Christmas, Easter
Place of Origin: Jerusalem
Place of Worship: Church
Internal Divisions:
Protestant/Catholic
/Eastern Orthodox
Afterlife: Heaven/Purgatory/Hell
Holy Sites: Vatican for Catholics
Leaders: Priests/Popes
Basic Beliefs: God, Trinity,
Bible, Death
and resurrection of Jesus, Return
of Jesus
Salvation and punishment
Women's Status: They vary
considerably
in both marriage and ministry.
Traditionally the woman is
submissive
Rituals: Sunday services, seven
sacraments, the rosary in
Catholicism,
Baptism, mass
Laws: Lots of Jewish law,
ten commandments
Islam
Founder: Muhammed
Holy Text: Qur'an
Concept of God: Monotheistic
- Allah
Date of Founding: 622 CE
Holy Days: Fridays/Ramadan
Place of Origin: Jerusalem
Place of Worship: Mosque
Internal Divisions: Shi-ite,
Sunni, Sufi
Afterlife: Heaven or Hell
Holy Sites: Kaaba in Mecca,
Jerusalem
Leaders: Caliph (successor to
Muhamad)
Basic Beliefs: Six articles of
faith:
God/Angels/Scriptures/Prophet
s/Resurrection/Divine creed.
Women's Status: Equality (in
early Islam) in some countries
the woman is considered
inferior.
Rituals: 5 pillars:Confession
of faith, Ritual prayer, Tax,
Fast during Ramadan,
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Laws: Similar to Judaism and
Christianity
Prologue: Section 1
Vocab:
Government: a system for controlling society
Monarchy: a single person, a king or monarch, rules the government, rule is hereditary
Aristocracy: a government ruled by a small a group of noble, land-owning families, rule
is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank and wealth
Oligarchy: a government ruled by a few powerful citizens, rule based on wealth or
ability, controls military
Democracy: a government ruled by the populous
Direct Democracy: a democratic government that the citizens rule and make laws directly
rather than through representatives, rule based on citizenship, majority rule decides vote
Republic: a form of government in which the power rests with the citizens who have the
right to elect governmental leaders
Senate: legislative branch of a government made up of patricians, controlled foreign and
financial policies and advise consuls
The legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome
Building a democracy
Athens= largest and most powerful city-state
Citizens were adult male residents who enjoyed certain rights and responsibilities
Nobles were elected by citizens to rule the city-states
Reforms of Solon
594 B.C.: Respected statesman, Solon, passed a law outlawing slavery based on debt and
canceled the farmer’s debts
established four classes of citizenship based on money rather than family
created Council of Four Hundred- prepared business
Cleisthenes Enacts More Reforms
Cleisthenes, Athenian leader, continues reforms and is know as the founder of democracy
in Athens worked to balance power between rich and poor
Greek Democracy changes
490-479 B.C.: Greeks fought Persian invaders, maintained democracy by holding debated
about defending city-states
Pericles Strengthens Democracy
Wise and able statesman, Pericles, led Athens from 461-429 B.C.
increased number of paid public officials and paid jurors
increased number of citizens involved in government, leading to direct democracy
Democracy ends in Greece after war between Athens and Sparta
Greek Philosophers use reason
Philosophers used logic and reason to investigate the universe, human society, and
morality
Based philosophies on these assumptions
1. The universe is put together in an orderly way and is subject to absolute and
unchanging laws
2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason
First great philosopher- Socrates
He encouraged students to examine most closely held beliefs
He used a question-and-answer approach
Socrates’ greatest student- Plato
He had a vision of a perfectly governed society
Plato’s student- Sristotle
He examined the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge
Legacy of Greece
Greeks used reason and intelligence to discover natural laws
The first to develop three branches of government- a legislative branch to pass laws, an
executive branch to carry out the laws, and a judicial branch to settle disputes about the
laws
From Kingdom to republic
509 B.C.: Roman aristocrats overthrew a harsh king and set up a republic
Citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born males
Patricians- aristocratic landowners who held the power- and Plebeians- common farmers,
artisans, and merchants- fought for political power
Twelve Tables
451 B.C.: a group of ten officials wrote down Rome’s laws, carved onto 12 tablets, or
tables
Republican Government
Also had a government with separate branches
Consuls controlled the military
Legislative was made up of a senate and two assemblies
Romans continued conquest of Europe
27 B.C.: Rome came under the rule of an emperor
Roman Law
Believed, like the Greeks, that laws should be based on principles of reason and justice
and should protect citizens and their property
Important principles:
All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law
A person was considered innocent until proven guilty
The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside
A Written Legal Code
All Roman laws were split into four sections by Emperor Justinian
The Code contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws
The Digest was a summary of legal opinions
The Institutes served as a textbook for law students
The Novellae contained laws passed after 534 B.C.
The Code of Justinian later became a guide of legal matter throughout Western Europe
Legacy of Rome
Rome gave the world the idea of a republic
Adopted the Greek idea that an individual is a citizen in a state rather than the subject of a
ruler
Its most lasting legacy was the written code and the idea that this code should be applied
equally and impartial to all citizens
Prologue: Section 2
Vocab:
Judaism: The religion of the Hebrews
Ten Commandments: The code of laws given to Moses by God
Torah: the Holy Book of Judaism
Abraham: the founder Judaism
Synagogue: the Holy place of worship for Judaism
Christianity: the religion of Christians
Jesus: the messiah or savior and founder of Christianity
Mary: Jesus’ virgin mother
The New Testament (Gospel): the story of Christianity after the birth of Jesus Christ
Paul: one of Jesus’ apostles, preached in cities in the eastern Mediterranean, stressed
Christianity was a universal religion, stressed essential equality of all human beings
Islam: religion of Muslims, based on the teachings of Muhammad
Mosque: the Holy place of worship for Muslims
Quran: the Holy Text of Muslims
Haj: a pilgrimage to Mecca required by muslims
5 Pillars: the main beliefs of Islam
Allah is the one God / Muhammad is his messenger
Pray five times a day
Charity/ Zakah
Ramadan/ Fasting
The pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in life
Muslims: followers of Islam
Sharia: the sacred law of Islam, believed to be God’s law, deals with many topics
crime
politics
economics
sexuality
hygiene
diet
prayer
fasting
Jewish morality
Focuses on morality and ethics and less on politics
Hebrew code was strict, but was softened by God’s mercy
Believe it is responsibility of every person to oppose injustice and oppression and
community should help the unfortunate
Main teachings of Christianity
Stresses love for God, neighbors, enemies, and yourself
Teaches God will end evil in world
Main beliefs of Islam
Five pillars (see vocab)
Chapter 1 Sections 1 and 2
European Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1
Terms and Names
Humanism – Intellectual movement focusing on human achievement and potential
Secular – Worldly rather than spiritual and here and now centralized
Renaissance – Rebirth/ revival of art and learning
Patron – Someone who financially supports a person or group; During the Renaissance
there were patrons of the arts which supplied large sums of money to painters so they
could continue to work
Vernacular – Native language
Medici – Powerful banking family; rulers of Florence
Leonardo da Vinci – Painter, inventor, scientist, and sculptor; “Renaissance man”
Michelangelo – Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet; “Renaissance man”; Known for
portrayals of human body
Raphael – Painted many Renaissance ideas and thinkers such as Michelangelo and
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance man – Someone who was very involved in the Renaissance
Perspective – Shows three dimensions on a flat surface
Realism – Movement where art was to show life as is not as it should be
Petrarch – One of earliest and most influential humanists; also great poet
Machiavelli – Looked at the imperfection of humans
Section 2
Durer – One of the most famous people to spread Renaissance; German
Jan van Eyck – First great Flemish Renaissance painter
Flemish painting – Oil-based paints; Flourished 15th to 17th century; art strived from
Flanders; paintings from Flanders was called Flemish painting
Elements / Interaction of History & Art!
Literal Objects
Type of Artwork, Northern Renaissance or Italian Renaissance
Renaissance elements
Humanism
Architecture
Religion
Anatomy
Perfection
Sexuality
Realism
Individualism
Emotion
Youth
Leaning and Reason
Nature
Mythology
Perspective
Shows the three dimensions on a flat surface
Classicism
Art Elements
Balance
Harmony
Gradation
Proportion
Contrast
Variety
Movement
Depth
Emphasis
Unity
Rhythm
Composition
Important People and how they influenced Art:
Da Vinci- Portrayed Individuals, Renaissance Science and Technology
Michelangelo- Classical and Renaissance Sculpture
Raphael- Showed importance of Ancient Greece
Reformation
Indulgences- the church selling pardons
Reformation- a movement for religious reform
Lutherans- a religious group separate from the Catholic Church, followed Martin Luther
Protestant- Christians who belong to non-catholic churches
Peace of Augsburg- religious settlement
Annul- set aside
Anglican- church or England
Predestination-god knows who will be saved
Calvinism- religion based on teaching of John Calvin
Theocracy- Calvin’s ideal government, a government controlled by religious leaders
Presbyterians- followers of John Knox who put Calvin’s ideas to work
Anabaptists- a group who baptized people who were old enough to decide to be
Christian, also church should be separate from state
Catholic reformation- a movement inside the Catholic Church to reform itself
Jesuits- founded schools throughout Europe, covert non-Christians to Catholicism, stop
spread of Protestantism
Council of Trent- where catholic cardinals and bishops agreed on several doctrines
The churches interpretation of bible was final, others were heretic
Faith and good work for salvation
Bible and church were equally powerful authorities for guiding life
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith
Chapter 2
The Muslim World Expands
Ghazi – Warriors for Islam
Ottoman – Followers of Osman, the most successful Ghazi
Sultan – “Overlord” or “one with power”
Suleyman the Lawgiver – Selim’s son; the emperor who led the Ottoman Empire to their
peak
Safavid – A Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia 16th – 18th centuries
Shah – Ancient Persian title of king
Isma’il – 12-year-old Shah who seized Iran for the Safavid Empire
The Anatolian Turks called themselves ghazis. The most successful ghazi was Osman. In
the west, people called him Othman and his followers were known as Ottomans. Osman
built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326. It expanded by his
successors buying land, forming alliances with some emirs, and conquering others. They
were the first people to use cannons as a weapon and they switched their archers for
people carrying guns.
Second Ottoman was Orkhan I, Osman’s son. Orkhan declared himself sultan,
overlord, one with power. In 1361, the Ottomans captured Adrianople, second most
important city in the Byzantine Empire. Muslims were required to serve in the Turkish
armies but the non-Muslims didn’t but had to pay taxes. In 1400, Timur the Lame halted
the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.
Timur put his attention to China. Once he did, war broke out between the four
sons of the Ottoman sultan. Mehmed defeated his sons and took the throne. His son,
Murad II, defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and overcame an army of Italian
crusaders in the Balkans; through 1566.Murad’s son Mehmed II achieved the most
dramatic defeat in Ottoman history. When Mehmed took power in 1451, the city of
Constantinople had shrunk from a population of a million to a mere 50,000. In 1453 he
launched his attack. The city of Constantinople is now called Istanbul.
Mehmed’s grandson, Selim the Grim, came to power in 1512. He was an effective
sultan and a great general. In 1514, he defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of
Chaldiran. Then through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa. He took Cairo, the
intellectual center of the Muslim world. Egypt become just another province in the
growing Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire didn’t reach its peak and grandeur un the reign of Selim’s
son, Sulyman I. Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 and ruled for 46 years. Although
the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities of North Africa, they managed to control
trade routes to the interior of the continent. In 1526, Suleyman advanced into Hungary
and Austria, throwing central Europe into a panic.
The sultan’s 20,000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy. The slaves
were acquired as part of a policy called devshirme. Under the devshirme system, the
sultan’s army drafted boys from the peoples of conquered Christian territories. The army
educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers.
Cultural Blending: Each time a culture interacts with another, it is exposed to ideas,
technologies, foods, and ways of life not exactly like its ow
Chapter 6 Sec 1,2,3
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Geocentric- The earth-centered view of the universe; the idea came from Aristotle.
Heliocentric- Sun-centered; Copernicus’s theory.
Ptolemy- A Greek astronomer who expanded the geocentric theory in the second century
A.D.
Copernicus- A Polish cleric and astronomer, his theory was the heliocentric theory.
Galileo- An Italian scientist who built on new theories about astronomy; he announced
that Jupiter had moons and the sun had dark spots. All his observations supported the
theories of Copernicus.
Scientific Revolution- A new thinking about the natural world, based upon careful
observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
Scientific Method- A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
Isaac Newton- An English scientist who helped bring breakthroughs under a single theory
of motion.
Francis Bacon- Developed the scientific method and came up with the six basic truths.
Rene Descartes- French scientist that developed analytical geometry, which linked
algebra and geometry. Used math for reason, everything should be doubted until proved
by reason. His ideas contributed to the scientific method.
Law of Gravity- The same forces affected all physical objects equally. Every object in the
universe attracts every other object.
Andreas Vesalius- Proved Galen wrong, he dissected human bodies and published a book
filled with drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle.
Robert Boyle- Founder of Modern Chemistry. Proposed the world consisted of many
small particles that joined together. Also came up with Boyle’s law explains how volume,
temperature, and gas affect each other.
Core beliefs of the philosophes p 196
Reason- Truth can be discovered through reason and logical thought.
Nature- Nature is also good and reasonable.
Happiness- Instead of seeking joy in the after life, people should enjoy life on earth as
well.
Progress- Society and human kind has room for improvement
Liberty- They called for the liberties that the English people had won in their revolution
and on their Bill of Rights
Major Ideas of the Enlightenment p. 198
The main ideas of the Enlightenment focused on the power of the individual. Many
philosophe’s advocated for freedom of speech, religious freedom, natural rights, and
equality. Improvement and progress was a main idea as well, the governmental system
was vastly improved, the powers were separated, the standard of life was improved, and
torture was abolished.
Know your philosophies
Voltaire- Known as the most influential philosphe, he published more than 70 books of
political essays, philosophy, and drama. These were about religious freedom, tolerance
and freedom of speech. He used satire in his works, mainly against the clergy,
aristocracy, and the government. This eventually led to Voltaire being thrown in jail
twice and eventually exiled.
Montesquieu- A French writer who wrote about political liberty. He wrote about the
separation of powers with three branches executive, judicial, and legislative. This would
keep any individual group from having total control. This idea is called the checks and
balances system.
Rousseau- Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote about individual freedom. He believed that
civilization corrupted people. He wrote the Social Contract which explained that a direct
democracy would be the best system of government. Under this system people agree to
give up some of their freedoms for the common good.
Hobbes- Hobbes believed that people were selfish and wicked. An absolute ruler with
total control needed to be in place. Hobbes thought that in exchange for their rights, the
people would gain law and order. This system with a monarchy was called a social
contract.
Beccaria- Beccaria believed that laws are to preserve order, not to punish. He recognized
the flaws in the justice system . Beccaria argued that people accused of crimes should get
a fast trial and under no circumstances should torture or capital punishment be used.
Legacy of the Enlightenment pp 199 - 200
The Enlightenment was a time of new ideas and theories. There was belier in
progress, which opened the door to the growth of scientific knowledge and lead to many
discoveries. There was a more secular outlook on life and people began to question their
religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. People began to turn away from the
church and looked to themselves instead which enhanced the importance of the
individual. The people realized that they could govern themselves as apposed to an
absolute monarchy.
Diderot’s Encyclopedia- French philosopher, art critic and writer, Denis Diderot was a
very well known figure during the enlightenment. He is best known for being the chief
editor, co-founder and contributor to the Encyclopédie.
Frederick the Great- King of Prussia (1740-1786) who brought prosperity to Prussia
during the 18th century. He was unlike his father and detested the Spartan military life
and instead he embraced learning, philosophy and the arts. Using clever military tactics,
Frederick doubled the population of Prussia, becoming not only the biggest German state,
but also the most formidable power in Russia. However, during the 7 years war, Prussia
would have been destroyed if the husband of Catherine the Great, Peter III called off the
war.
Catherine the Great- Ruled Russia from 1762-1796. She was well educated and read
works of many philosophers and . In 1767 she formed a group to review Russia’s laws
and she came up with brilliant proposals for a reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu
and Beccaria. She also recommended religious toleration and the abolishment of torture
and capital punishment.
Catherine’s army fought the Ottoman empire and won control of the northern shore of the
Black Sea. She also expanded her empire westward into Poland, and Poland disappeared
as an independent country for more than a century. By the end of her reign Catherine the
Great had vastly expanded the Russian empire.
Chapter 7 Section 1 The French Revolution Begins
In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced countries in Europe. The center
of Enlightenment.
Terms and Names
Old Regime - It was the social and political system of France in the 1700s.
Estates - People were divided into these three large social groups.
The Privileged Estates - Had more privileges they were exempt from paying taxes. This
group was part of the Roman Catholic Church, These estates were two of the three
estates.
The Third Estate - This was 97% of the estates, there are three groups with in this estate.
The Bourgeois or the middle class were made up of bankers, factory owners and
merchants, well educated, usually as rich as nobles, paid high taxes. Workers were the
poorest group, includes trades people, apprentices and laborers. were paid low wages and
out of work. The Peasants were the largest group in the Third Estate these were the
homeless, but yet they still paid taxes to the nobles.
Louis XVI - He had inherited debt from other leaders, he was a bad leader due to his
large amount of spending. He was indecisive and allowed matters to drift. He paid little
attention to his government advisors, and had little patience for the details of governing.
Louis put off dealing with emergencies until he virtually had no money left. His solution
to this problem was to start to tax the nobles which made them very angry.
Marie Antoinette - Was Louis‘ wife and queen, she helped him spend his money and she
was known as Madame Deficit. She only added to Louis problem. She interfered with the
government and she gave him poor advice. She was part of the royal family of Austria
who had long been a enemy of Germany. She was a very greedy queen who was very self
centered and many citizens did not like her.
Estates-General - A meeting or assembly of representatives from all three estates - to
approve Louis‘ new tax, created by the second estate, May 5, 1789 in Versailles. It was
the first in 175 years.
National Assembly - This was what the estates delegates called themselves, who passed
laws and reforms in the name of the French people. Created by the Bourgeoisies, Ending
absolute monarchy and the beginning of the representative government.
The Tennis Court Oath - A pledge on June 20, 1789 to draw up a new constitution or they
would not leave the Tennis Court. The Third Estate delegates were locked out of their
meeting room so they broke into a tennis court to carry on with their meeting.
The Great Fear - A wave of senseless fear the rolled through France. Rebellions from
Paris swept the countryside, braking into nobles manors and burning all their legal
documents, this took place in August, 1789.
Chapter 7 Section 2
Legislative Assembly- A French congress with the power to create laws and approve
declarations of war, established by the Constitution of 1791.
Émigré- A person who leaves his native country for political reasons, like the nobles and
others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution.
Sans-Culottes- In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wageearners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices,
and an end to food shortages.
Jacobins- A radical political organization during the French Revolution with important
members.
Guillotine- A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the
French Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre- A Jacobin leader, was the cause of the Reign of Terror.
Reign of Terror- The period in which Robespierre was a dictator of France.
Uprisings all over France were making people scared.
August 4, 1789, National Assembly takes away privileges of first and second estates, by
morning the Old Regime was dead.
National Assembly adopts a statement of revolutionary ideals which reflected the
Declaration of Independence.
Assembly takes over church and makes the church part of the state instead of being
independent; Angers millions of French peasants, from this time on, many peasants
opposed the assembly’s reforms.
June 1791, Louis XVI and his family try to escape to Austria but are captured and
returned to Paris under guard.
September 1791, National Assembly finishes the new constitution, creates limited
constitutional monarchy, and creates new legislative body called the Legislative
Assembly.
Old problems persist including, food shortages and government debt, Legislative
Assembly splits over how to deal with these problems, Radicals who wanted sweeping
changes in the way government was run, moderates who wanted some changes in
government but not as many as the radicals, and conservatives who wanted to keep the
limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government.
Émigrés hoped to undo the revolution and restore the Old Regime. Sans-Culottes wanted
the revolution to bring even greater changes to France.
European countries didn’t want similar revolutions to happen in their own countries,
Austria and Prussia urged the French to restore Louis XVI power. Legislative Assembly
reacted by declaring war in 1792.
The war starts badly for the French.
New governing body, the National Convention took office September 21 and abolished
the monarchy declaring France a republic.
Most people involved in changes in the government were part of a group called the
Jacobins.
January 21, 1793 Louis XVI killed by guillotine.
Maximilien Robespierre takes over France becoming a dictator, period called the Reign
of Terror.
July 1794 turn on Robespierre, he is executed on July 28, 1794 and the Reign of Terror
ends.
National Conventional finds general to command French army Napoleon Bonaparte.
Chapter 7 Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire
Napoleon was a short man but he cast a large shadow on the history of modern times. He
would be come one of the worlds greatest military geniuses. In four short years he
became master of France from 1795 to 1799.
Terms and Names
Napoleon Bonaparte - Born in 1769, when he was 16 he became a lieutenant in the
artillery. In October 1795 he became the hero of the hour, Napoleon was told to defeat
the delegates and Napoleon and his gunners attacked the thousands of royalists with a
cannonade. With in minutes they had fled. Held as the savior of the French Republic. In
1796 he was appointed to lead the French army against the forces of Austria and the
Kingdom of Sardinia, after a few glorious victories he defeated both enemies.
Coup d’Etat – Napoleon took action the take political power in November 1799. This
sudden seizure of power like this was known as a coup. Many wanted to get Napoleon
from power.
Napoleonic Code – A comprehensive system of laws, That gave the country a uniform set
of laws and eliminated many injustices. However it actually limited liberty and promoted
order and authority over individual rights. It restored slavery in the French colonies in the
Caribbean. In December 2, 1804 he crowned him self emperor.
The Battle of Trafalgar – During his drive for a European Empire. He lost one major
battle, this naval defeat was more important than a;; of his victories on land. It was in
1805. There were many distructions including the destruction of the French fleet insured
supremacy of the British navy.
Chapter 7 Section 4
Blockade- The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or
leaving a city or region.
Continental System- Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and the
continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy.
Guerrilla- A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on
the enemy troops occupying his or her country.
Peninsular War- A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the
aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of Spain.
Scorched Earth Policy- The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during
wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.
Waterloo- A village in Belgium which on June 18, 1815 Napoleon attacked.
Hundred Days- The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power,
deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France.
Napoleon, worried about what would happen when he died had a son with Marie Louise,
Napoleon II.
Napoleon’s desire for power was his downfall.
November 1806 Napoleon set up a blockade preventing Great Britain from trade and
communication with other countries. Napoleon called the policy the Continental System.
Blockade fails, US declares war on Britain.
Napoleon sends an invasion force through Spain. Napoleon set up his brother Joseph as
king. Guerrillas in Spain attacked the French army for six years.
The Peninsular War cost /napoleon 300,000 men.
Napoleon invades Russia because it refuses to stop trading with Britain in 1812. June
1812 Napoleon and his army of 420,000 soldiers marched into Russia. Russians practice
the scorched-earth policy.
September 7, 1812 the two armies clash at the Battle of Borodino. Russians fell back.
After chasing the Russians Napoleon decides to turn around. As Napoleon retreats in
early November the snow kills lots of his men as do Russian raiders. The army only has
10,000 soldiers left.
Napoleon is defeated. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden all attack at once. Napoleon
raises another army but it is destroyed he wants to keep fighting but is denied and
banished to the island of Elba a tiny island off the Italian coast.
Napoleon escapes Elba March 1, 1815. Napoleon again becomes emperor of France and
has another army. He is defeated by the British and Prussian armies at Waterloo. This
defeat ended Napoleon’s last bid for power called Hundred Days. The British send
Napoleon to St. Helena an island in the south Atlantic. Napoleon dies in 1821 from a
stomach ailment.
Chapter 7 Section 5
Congress of Vienna- A series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European
leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon.
Klemens Von Metternich- Foreign minister and Prince of Austria.
Balance of Power- A political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to
pose a threat to others.
Legitimacy- The hereditary right of a monarch to rule.
Holy Alliance- A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Prussia,
and Austria after the congress of Vienna.
Concert of Europe- A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century,
devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.
European leaders of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and
stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon. In order to do so they had the
Congress of Vienna.
Metternich, the most influential representative at the Congress of Vienna had three goals.
He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong
countries.
He wanted to restore the Balance of Power, so that no country would be a threat to others.
He wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had held before
Napoleon’s conquests.
To Make the weak countries around France stronger the congress took the following
actions:
The former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.
A group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created German
Confederation, dominated by Austria.
Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation.
The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Genoa.
The Balance of power was achieved; France stayed a major but diminished power.
The great power affirmed legitimacy agreeing that as many as possible rulers whom
Napoleon removed be restored to power. The Congress of Vienna believed the return of
monarchies would stabilize the nations. Which it did. The peace lasted 40 years until the
Crimean War.
The rulers of Europe were very nervous about the legacy of the French Revolution. Late
in 1815 Austria and Prussia signed the Holy Alliance, which pledged they would base
their relations with other nations on Christian principles in order to combat forces of
revolution.
Finally a series of alliances was forged by Metternich, called the Concert of Europe. It
ensured that the nations would help one another if revolutions broke out.
The legacy of the French Revolution lived in France. Politics was deeply divided from
the conservatives to the radicals. Similarly in other countries a mixture of ideas led to the
revolutions in 1830 and 1848. The legacy of the French Revolution lived on.
The Congress of Vienna actions had consequences far beyond Europe, Latin American
colonies as well as South American countries reached for independence.
The Congress of Vienna tried to maintain the Balance of Power. France diminished but
Britain and Prussia increased. Nationalism began to spread through Italy, Germany, and
Greece, as well as other nations other foreign control. This would result in explosive
revolutions that change the course of Europe and the rest of the world forever.
Chapter 8 review
Creoles: Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish
parents
Simon Bolivar: a brilliant Venezuela Creole who fought for south American
independence (liberator)
Jose de san martin: Born in Argentina spent time in Spain as a military officer. Modest
man who fought for ten years and became liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Miguel Hidalgo: A priest in the small village of Dolores, took the first step towards
independence
Jose Maria Morelos: led the revolution for four years, he was defeted in 1815 by Agustin
de iturbide
Augustin de iturbide: defeated Morelos in 1815
El Grito de Delores: city of independence
Spanish colonial society, 1789
Mstizos (7.3%)
Africans (6.4%)
Mullatos (7.6%)
European peninsulares and creoles (22.9%)
Indians (55.8%)
Chapter 8
Key Terms and people: Mexican Independence
Terms
Conservative- In the first half of the 19th century, a European- mainly wealthy
landowners and nobles- who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchy of Europe
Liberal- In the first half of the 19th century, a European- mainly middle-classed business
leaders and merchants- who wanted to give more political power to elected parlimets
Radical- In the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change
to extend democracy to all people
Realpolitik- “The politics of reality” – the practice of tough power politics without any
room for idealism
Russification- The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian
Empire
People
Camillio di CarvourNamed Prime Minister in 1852
Leads Italian unification
Provoked war with Austrians to drive them out of Northern Italy
Won the war, with help from French, against Austria
Unites northern Italy
Secretly helps rebel nationalists in the south
Giuseppe GaribaldiCaptured Sicily
Crossed to Italian mainland and marched north
Agreed to unite his southern areas with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Otto von BismarckJunker to Wilhelm
Named prime minister by Wilhelm
Became a master at Realpolitik
Declared he would rule w/o parliament/legal budget
Lead German Unification
Nationalism- the belief that people should be loyal to their nation-that is, to the people
with whom they share a culture and history- rather than a king or empire
Pros: People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good;
Overthrow of colonial rule; Democratic governments in nations throughout the world;
Competition among states spurring scientific and technological advances
Cons: Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nations majority culture; Ethnic
cleansing, such as in Bosinia and Herzgovina in the 1990’s; Rise of extreme movements
(such as Nazism)
What were people in Europe fighting against? What were they fighting for?
People in Europe were fighting against the government, and also each other. In France,
the people made different groups with different beliefs of the way their government
should be. People also fought against each other, like Bismarck had his army provoke,
and fight, Austria. People were fighting to have more power within the government and
to make their lives easier.
Disunity
Austria- After being defeated by Prussia, the empire felt pressured. Emperor Francis
Joseph separated Austria into Austria and Hungary into separate states, but himself still
ruling both.
Russia- Russification, supposed to bring the Russian culture on ethnic groups, actually
strengthened them and these feeling helped disunify Russia. The weakened empire could
not withstand WWII