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Unit 3
Animals
1
Characteristics of ALL living things
They are either:
Autotroph ________________ their own food
through photosynthesis
Heterotroph ________ ________ __________
from other plants and animals
Energy
Energy is
is released
released from
from food
food through
through ___________
respiration
(it’s
a
chemical
process
in
cells)
(it’s a chemical process in cells)
Obtain and Use ______________
for Energy
Respond to ________________

Stimulus- a _____________ in surrounding
that ______________ a reaction
o Ex: light, temperature, sound,
amount of water, space, amounts
and types of food, other organisms.

Responses- _______________ to stimulus
o Ex: A pond dries up so deer migrate
to another are to find water.
Stimulus: the pond dries up
Response: the deer migrate
Food, oxygen, and water are resources that
provide ___________ to live
Reproduce
 __________________ Reproductionprocess involving 1 parent (offspring
are identical to parent)
 _______________ Reproductionprocess that involves ___ parents
(offspring have characteristics of both
parents)
Grow and Develop
 Growth- process of growing _______
o Ex: The plant grew 3 inches in
one week
 Development- Process of growing
more ______________
o Ex: The baby’s muscles have
developed enough for him to
crawl.
Growth and development _______ ______.
Happens in cells; all living things are made
of cells
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Autotroph and Heterotroph Venn diagram


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
Make food for themselves
Photosynthesize
Need energy to live
Dandelion

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
Tiger
Gets food from other organisms
Release energy in cells through
respiration

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
Mushroom
Oak tree
Living organisms
moss
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Herarchical Structure of the Classification of Organisms Notes
Classification:
Taxonomy- the study of how scientists
_____________________ organisms
The levels of _________________________
Go from broadest to most specific
organisms are placed into a _________ group
and is then placed into more _________ groups
based on their characteristics
The ______________ classification levels an
organism shares with another, the more
__________________ they have in common
The levels of classification, from broadest to most specific, include:
KINGDOM
5 kingdoms: Monerans, ____________, Fungi,
_________________, and Animals
Organisms are placed in kingdoms based on
their ability to __________ ________ and the
number of ______________in their body
PHYLUM
Plants
Animals
Vertebrate or __________________
___________________ or nonvascular
In the plant kingdom, phyla can be
referred to as __________________
And
In the animal kingdom, there are
_______ phyla
CLASS ORDER FAMILY
These levels become even more ________________ and will
include fewer organisms that have more in
______________________ with each other as they move
down the levels.
GENUS
Contains closely __________________ organisms
Scientific Name:



Made up of an
organism’s __________
and _____________.
Is written in italics with
the Genus capitalized
and species lowercase
Ex:
Wolf
o Canis lupis
Loblolly Pine
o Pinus taeda
The genus is used as the first word in an
organism’s _________________ name.

SPECIES
all the organisms of the
same type

Is the ___word
in the scientific
name
Organisms of the same
species are able _______ to
produce young of the same
kind.
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King Phillip Illustration
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 Single celled organisms
 __________________
(no nucleus)
 Some are heterotrophic,
some are autotrophic
 ________________ fall
into the Moneran
Kingdom
● Protists are mostly single
celled organisms
(____________________) but
some protists are ________________________
● Protists cells are
_____________________ (have
nuclei).
● Some protists are animal-like
(______________________ need to eat other organisms)
and some are plant-like
(_______________ - use
sunlight to produce food).
● Almost all fungi are
___________________organisms.
● Animals are _________cellular organisms.
● All plants are made of many
_______________________
cells.
● Fungi cells have nuclei
(______________________).
● Fungi do ________ move to
get food, but they do need to
___________________
nutrients from other organisms
(either living or dead).
● Plants are autotrophs - they
use sunlight to
________________ their food
● Animal cells have
______________
(eukaryotic).
● Almost all animals
____________ to get food.
Animals are heterotrophs they _______ other organisms
to get energy
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7
All animals are:
Either vertebrates or invertebrates
Heterotrophs
They either have a _________________
and nervous system or they do not
Have to eat. ______________ make
their own food.
Multi-cellular
They are composed of more than one
_______
Their major functions are:
 Obtain food and oxygen for
________________
 Maintain their internal
___________________ (ie. Body
temperatures)
 Move
 reproduce
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Animal Kingdom Circle Graph
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
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Vertebrate Notes
They have backbones, an internal skeleton (___________________), and muscles.
They have blood that ________________________ through blood vessels
They have ___________ (or _________) for breathing.
They have protective skin covering.
Most have ___________, ______________, or _______________ for movement.
They have a _____________ __________ with a __________ that processes
information from their environment through sensory organs.
Vertebrates differ in the way that they _____________ their body temperature.
Vertebrates are:
cold-blooded (________________)
or
warm-blooded (______________)
Fish
● Are _____________________, obtain dissolved oxygen in water through _____________,
most lay eggs, have scales, have fins, and live in water.
Amphibians
● Are _______________________, most can breathe in water with _____________ as young, go
through ____________________ and breathe on land with lungs as adults, and lay jelly-like eggs.
● Major groups include amphibians are frogs, _____________, and salamanders.
● Frogs and salamanders have smooth, moist skin, through which they can breathe and live part
of their life in water and part on land.
● ______________ have thicker, bumpy skin and live on land.
Reptiles
● Are ________________, breathe with lungs, most lay ________, although in some the eggs
hatch inside the female, and have _____________ or plates.
Birds
● Are ________________, breathe with _________________, lay eggs, have feathers, and have a
beak, two wings, and two feet.
Mammals
● Are ______________________, breathe with lungs, most have babies that are born live, have
_____________ or hair; and produce milk to feed their young.
Invertebrate Notes
Invertebrates comprise the remaining phyla of the Animal Kingdom. They include sponges,
segmented worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods.
Invertebrates share certain characteristics:
● Do ___________ have backbones or internal skeletons.
● Some have _______________ skeletons, called ________________________.
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Endothermic Vs. Ectothermic
Animals that are vertebrates differ in their abilities to regulate body temperature.
Endothermic (warm-blooded)
● Animals, including _________________ and ___________________, maintain a nearly
constant internal temperature and do not change with the temperature of the environment.
● When the outside temperature is too hot, an endothermic animal can cool off by
______________, panting, changing ______________, or changing location. Sweating and
panting generate heat loss through ___________________ water. Changing position and location
allow the animal to find a cooler environment in the _________________ or shelter.
● When the outside temperature is too cold, an endothermic animal can generate heat by
_____________________.
● Endothermic animals must _____ _________ ____________ often than ectothermic animals
since it takes energy to maintain a constant body temperature. For example, a lion must eat its
weight in food every seven to ten days.
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
● Animals, including ______, ________________, and ____________, which have an internal
body temperature that changes with the temperature of the environment.
● They must ___________ heat to perform internal activities such as digestion.
● If the environment is cold, ectothermic animals become _________ moving and sluggish.
Some animals must ____________ in the Sun (for example snakes or lizards) or move to a
warmer area (for example some fish) __________ they can move about to hunt for food.
● If the temperature gets too hot, ectothermic animals will need to find a cooler temperature or
_______________ in the ground to keep its body cool.
● Ectothermic animals take on the temperature of their surroundings and don't use food energy
to keep warm. Therefore, they __________ have to eat as often as an endothermic animal
Endothermic:

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Mammals
Birds
Ectothermic:
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Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
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Ectotherm and Endotherm Venn diagram
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Cold blooded
Warm blooded
Need energy to survive
multi-cellular
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heterotrophs
reproduce
bodies are more complex
Stay at a constant body
temperature

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fish
amphibians
birds
mammals

reptiles
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Vertebrate and Invertebrate Venn diagram

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movement
endoskeleton
backbone
multi-cellular
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heterotrophs
reproduce
muscles
have lungs or gills
nervous system

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

skin
keep internal conditions in balance
no backbone
circulate blood

make up 97% of the animal kingdom
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Sponges (poriferans)
● Very simple animals that have many ___________ (holes) through which water flows.
● Water moves into a central ____________ and out through a hole in the top.
● Sponges obtain their food and ____________________ wastes through this passage of water.
● They have specialized __________ for obtaining food and oxygen from the water.
Segmented worms (annelids)
● Have long _________-like bodies that are divided into segments.
● Simplest organisms with a ________ nervous system and blood contained in vessels.
● A long digestive tube runs down the length of the worm’s inner body.
● Take in dissolved _________________ from the water through their skin.
● Examples of segmented worms may be ___________________ and _______________.
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Echinoderms
● Have arms that extend from the _______________ body outwards.
● Have ________________ _________________ that take in oxygen from the water and spines.
● Examples may be _________ ___________, ____________ ____________, ________ _________________,
or __________ _______________________.
Mollusks
● Have _____________ bodies; most have a thick muscular __________ for movement or to open and close
their shells.
● Have ____________ developed body systems than sponges or worms.
● Take in oxygen through gills or _____________, and some have shells.
● Examples may be _______________, snails, clams, and octopuses.
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Arthropods
● Have ______________________ legs, segmented ___________________, and some have
wings.
● Have hard outer coverings called _______________________________.
● Obtain oxygen from the air through _____________ or air tubes.
● Examples may be ___________________, arachnids, and crustaceans.
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Structural Adaptations
Structures for defense
● Allow an animal to _____________ from a predator or _____________ a predator (Examples:
camouflage or mimicry (copying the appearance, actions, or sounds of another animal)
● Allow an animal to make a direct, __________________ painful (Examples: horns, claws,
quills, stingers, or venom)
● Allow an animal to ____________________ a direct attack (Examples: Mechanisms such as
having shells, emitting smells or body fluids (ink)
● Allow an animal to change its __________ (Examples: puffing up fur, inflating body)
● Allow an animal to flee or ____________ from predators (Examples: Body design that allows
for speed or jumping or wings and light-weight skeletons for flying.)Allow an animal to construct
holes or tunnels to run into and hide or to climb (Example: paws, toenails or teeth)
Structures for movement
● Allow animals to move to fulfill their needs such as finding food and escaping
________________ (Examples: legs, feet, arms, tails, fins, wings, , skeleton)
Structures to obtain resources
● Allow an animal to ________________, tear, and eat its food or drink (Examples: mouthparts
including beaks, teeth, flexible jaws, tongues, ________________ of the mouth)
● Allow an animal to grab and _____________________ its food (Examples: tentacles, pincers,
claws, fangs)
● Allow an animal to ________________ ___________ found in the water (Examples: filtering
structures in sponges, clams and baleen whales used for feeding
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Animal Responses to Environmental Stimuli
Hibernation
● As a result of cold, winter weather (_________________) some animals will hibernate.
● Hibernation is a state of _____ ______ body activity, used to conserve food stored in the body.
● Some animals hibernate for _____________ or __________________ of the winter.
● The animal's body _______________ drops, its heartbeat and breathing ____________ down,
and it uses very little ________________.
● Examples of hibernating animals may be ___________, snakes, black bears, beavers, and
ground squirrels.
Migration
● Migration is the _________ of animals from one place to another in response to
_____________ changes. They travel to other places where food is ___________________.
● Migrating animals usually use the _______ __________ year after year.
● The cycle is ________________ by changes in the amount of daylight and the weather.
● Examples of animals that migrate are monarch butterflies, _______, caribou, ducks and salmon
Defense
● Defense mechanisms vary with different types of animals. Some examples are:
Camouflage Some animals have ____________ _____________ to survive changes in its
Smells
Stingers
Ejection
Mimicry
Grouping
environment. Some animals develop their camouflage in response to the weather.
For example, the arctic fox and snowshoe hare develop a white coat for the winter
to blend in with the snow and a gray coat in the summer to blend in with the
forest. Chameleons and other lizards change colors to blend into the environment
to avoid predators.
Skunks use an ____________ ________________ in response to fear. The
skunk turns the predator's sense of smell against it by issuing a stream of
Wasps and bees use a stinger for _____________ when frightened or threatened.
The black ink cloud of an octopus is a defense mechanism because it gives the
animal a __________ _______ __________ from a predator. When the horned
lizard gets really scared, it shoots blood out of its eyes allowing it time to escape.
When a weaker animal ______ stronger animals' characteristics to ________
_____ predators. Some animals may look like another more poisonous or
dangerous animal that give it protection, such as a “false” coral snake or hawk
moth caterpillar that looks like a snake. Certain _____________ have markings
that look like eyes and some flower flies resemble black and yellow wasps that
have a powerful sting and use this disguise to ward off predators.
This ___________ _______________ occurs when certain animals travel
together in groups to protect individuals within the group or to fool a predator
into thinking the group is one large organism. Examples may include herds
(buffalo, zebra, cattle), packs (wolves), or schools of fish.
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Courtship
● Courtship in animals is usually a _____________ __________ whereby adults of a species try
to _____________ a potential mate.
● Courtship behaviors ensure that males and females of the same species _________ each other.
● Environmental stimuli, such as seasonal changes, will ______________________ courtship.
● Often sensory cues such as ______________ ____________ cues, sounds, or color will serve
as courtship __________________ in animals.
Inherited Vs. Learned Behaviors
Learned behaviors result from __________________ observations or experiences.
 _________________ is a behavior in which newborn animals recognize and
follow the first moving object they see. Usually, this moving object is the
mother.
 Conditioning (which includes ______________ ____ _________ learning) is a
behavior in which an animal learns that a particular stimulus and its response to
that stimulus will lead to a good or bad result.
o For example, chimpanzees learn to use small sticks to dig in the soil for
insects, or a child learns that touching a hot object will cause pain.
Inherited behaviors are passed from the ____________ to ____________________
and are with the animal from birth. These are also called _____________________.
● The ability to ________________ is an inherited behavior for whales and fish.
● ______________________ in human babies is an inherited behavior that is often a
response to hunger, thirst, or sleepiness.
● When a snail digs a hole to lay its eggs, a bird builds a special kind of nest, or when
a fiddler crab waves its claw to attract a female, the animals are acting on instinct.
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