Download diseases of the cardiovascular system - Different Diseases

HEMATOLOGY SECTION
I. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Disease Analysis Questions:
1. Explain the pathology of sickle cell anemia. What goes wrong with
the normal physiology? What happens to the RBCs?
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia. It is caused by a
point mutation in a certain chain of hemoglobin. The anemia of the disease is
caused by the destruction of RBCs, while the bone marrow is not able to keep up
with the rate of the destruction of the cells. Sickle cells can only survive about 1020 days, while normal blood cells can survive for much longer. The RBCs are
distorted into a sickle shape and their elasticity is decreased. The RBCs damage
the cell membrane and decreases their elasticity.
2. What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
The symptoms of sickle cell anemia are episodes of pain, hand-foot
syndrome, frequent infections, delayed growth, and vision problems, as
well as shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, paler than normal skin
tone, and jaundice.
3. Are there complications associated with sickle cell anemia?
The complications that are associated with sickle cell anemia include
strokes, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, organ damage,
blindness, skin ulcers, gallstones, and priapism.
4. What might be done to treat sickle cell anemia?
Medicines such as antibiotics, pain relieving meds, and hydroxyurea,
immunizations to prevent infections, blood transfusions, supplemental
oxygen, stem cell transplant, treating complications, and experimental
treatments such as gene therapy, nitric oxide, and drugs to prevent
hemoglobin production can be done to treat sickle cell anemia.
II. LYMPHOCYTIC (ACUTE OR CHRONIC) LEUKEMIA
Disease Analysis Questions:
5. What does a high WBC blood count usually indicate with regard to
the immune system response?
A high WBC blood count usually indicates a problem such as an
infection, stress, inflammation, trauma, allergy or a certain disease.
6. In your own words, explain the difference between lymphocytic vs.
myeloid leukemia.
Myeloid leukemia is produced from the bone marrow and lymphocytic
leukemia is produced from the lymphatic system, therefore the difference
is the cell type.
7. What are some causes of leukemia mention at least 2 causes?
Some causes of leukemia include being exposed to certain chemicals,
large amounts of radiation and chemotherapy, and smoke.
CARDIOLOGY SECTION
III. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
human artery and vein c.s
.
human atherosclerosis coronary c.s.
Disease Analysis Questions:
8. Explain the pathology of atherosclerosis. How does it develop?
Atherosclerosis causes chronic inflammation of artery walls, caused by
lipid retention, oxidation, and modification.
9. What is atherosclerotic plaque made up of?
Fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances make up atherosclerotic
plaque.
10.What causes atherosclerosis? Are there risk factors associated
with the disease?
Narrowing and hardening produced by plaque in the arteries are the
causes of atherosclerosis. There are risk factors that include high
cholesterol and LDL in the blood, low level of HDL in the blood,
hypertension, tobacco smoke, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
11.What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis?
Symptoms of atherosclerosis include chest pains, numbness, weak
facial muscles, slurred speech, peripheral artery disease, high
blood pressure, kidney failure, and erectile dysfunction.
12.Are there any procedures and/or treatments available for
atherosclerosis?
The procedures and/or treatments available for atherosclerosis include
cholesterol meds, anti-platelet meds, beta-blocker meds, ACE inhibitors,
calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angioplasty, endarectomy,
thrombolytic therapy, bypass surgery, and a lifestyle changes.
IV. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Human cardiac muscle sec.
Human acute myocardial infarction
chronic myocardial infarction
Disease Analysis Questions:
13. Explain the how a myocardial infarction occurs.
A myocardial infarction occurs when there isn’t enough blood
flowing properly to the heart, which then damages the heart
muscle due to a lack of oxygen.
14. What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
The symptoms of a myocardial infarction include chest pain, heartburn,
nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, coldness, sweatiness, and a fast
heartbeat.
15. Explain the differences you observed when comparing the acute
and chronic myocardial infarction tissues.
Chronic myocardial infarction tissue is more speckled and random than
acute myocardial infarction tissue. The acute tissue is much more
patterned and distressed looking.
16. Why would an angiogram be important if you believe someone
may be having a heart attack?
An angiogram would be important if you believe someone may be having
a heart attack because it takes pictures of the blood flow in a vein or an
artery and can show any narrowing or blockading in a blood vessel that
affects blood flow which shows evidence of a heart attack.
17.What does the phrase “myocardial necrosis” mean? Is that phrase
related to a heart attack (MI)? How so?
Myocardial necrosis means is the death of cells in an area as a result of
oxygen deprivation, which is caused by a decrease in blood supply. Yes
that phrase is commonly referred to as a “heart attack”, because it
means the sudden need for blood supply to the heart.
PHARMACOLOGY SECTION
Directions: Match the following classifications of pharmaceuticals with the
therapeutic action associated with each medication. You will have to look up
these drug group classifications to match the correct definitions.
__G____18. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
__F___19. Antiarrhythmics
__D___20. Beta blockers
__B___21. Calcium channel blockers
__C___22. Diuretics
__E___23. Statins
__A___24. Nitrates
Therapeutic actions of cardiovascular medications:
a. Control heart rate to prevent tachycardia, which helps control hypertension and
arrhythmias. They also dilate coronary blood vessels to increase blood flow to
the myocardium.
b. Slows the beat of the heart by blocking specific calcium channels located on the
SA node. These drugs also dilate the coronary arteries and prevent coronary
artery spasms.
c. Increase the excretion of water and sodium by the kidneys to reduce peripheral
edema, a common symptom of heart failure. They also reduce total blood
volume to treat certain types of hypertension.
d. Dilate blood vessels to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the
myocardium. Can be used to treat angina pectoris.
e. Reduce the number of low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol in blood and
possibly slightly increase high density lipoproteins (HDL).
f.
Stabilize the electrical system of the heart. Used to treat atrial and ventricular
arrhythmias.
g. Lower blood pressure by dilating arterial blood vessels and inhibiting an enzyme
from creating a vasoconstriction of blood vessels.