Download Second year M.Sc MLT

Ordinance Governing
M.Sc. MLT Course
Regulations and Curriculum
2006
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
4th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 041
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka,
Bangalore
The Emblem
The Emblem of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences is a symbolic
expression of the confluence of both Eastern and Western Health Sciences. A
central wand with entwined snakes symbolises Greek and Roman Gods of Health
called Hermis and Mercury is adapted as symbol of modern medical science. The
pot above depicts Amrutha Kalasham of Dhanvanthri the father of all Health
Sciences. The wings above it depicts Human Soul called Hamsa (Swan) in Indian
philosophy. The rising Sun at the top symbolises knowledge and enlightenment.
The two twigs of leaves in western philosophy symbolises Olive branches, which
is an expression of Peace, Love and Harmony. In Hindu Philosophy it depicts the
Vanaspathi (also called as Oushadi) held in the hands of Dhanvanthri, which are
the source of all Medicines. The lamp at the bottom depicts human energy
(kundalini). The script “Devahitham Yadayahu” inside the lamp is taken from
Upanishath Shanthi Manthram (Bhadram Karnebhi Shrunuyanadev…), which
says “May we live the full span of our lives allotted by God in perfect health”
which is the motto of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
Vision Statement
The Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, aims at bringing
about a confluence of both Eastern and Western Health Sciences to enable the humankind
“Live the full span of our lives allotted by God in Perfect Health”
It would strive for achievement of academic excellence by Educating and
Training
Health Professionals who
 Shall recognize health needs of community,
 Carry out professional obligations Ethically and Equitably and in keeping
with National Health Policy,
It would promote development of scientific temper and Health Sciences
Research.
It would encourage inculcation of Social Accountability amongst students,
teachers and
Institutions.
It would Support Quality Assurance for all its educational programmes.
Motto
Right for Rightful Health Sciences Education
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CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Section I
Page
Emblem
i
Vision Statement
ii
Notification
iii
Regulations Governing M.Sc.MLT course
Section II
Aims and Objectives
Section III
Course Content
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19
20
I Year
20
1. Biochemistry-I
20
25
2. Microbiology-I
3. Hematology and Blood Transfusion -I
33
II Year
44
1.Biochemistry-II
44
2. Microbiology-II
54
3. Hematology and Blood Transfusion –II
63
Section IV
Monitoring Learning Progress
74
Section V
Ethics in M.Sc. MLT
Section VI
Minimum requirement
86
Annexure I
Bio-Medical waste management
92
84
SECTION -I
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Regulations Governing M.Sc.MLT course
1. Title of the Courses
Master of Science degree in Medical Laboratory Technology Course, M.Sc. (MLT) is
available in the following three branches:
a) M.Sc.MLT in Clinical Biochemistry
b) M.Sc. MLT in Microbiology &Immunology
c) M.Sc. MLT in Haematology & Blood Transfusion
2.
Duration of the Course
The duration of the course shall be on full time basis for a period of two years from the
commencement of the academic term.
3. Eligibility for Admission
a)
A pass in B.Sc. MLT Course from institutions affiliated to RGUHS, or from other
Universities considered equivalent by RGUHS.
b)
4.
Candidates passing B.Sc. MLT through correspondence course shall not be eligible
Selection Criteria
Selection shall be based on merit in the qualifying examination. The candidate has to
choose the branch of his /her choice during the time of seat selection. No change of
branch will be Permitted once he /she get admitted.
5.
Eligibility certificate
No candidate shall be admitted for the postgraduate degree course unless the candidate
has obtained and produced the eligibility certificate issued by the university.
The
candidate has to make the application to the university with the following documents
along with the prescribed fee.
Pass / degree certificate issued by the university.
Marks cards of all the university examinations passed.
Migration certificate.
Certificate of conduct.
Proof of SC/ST or category-I as the case may be.
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Candidates should obtain the eligibility certificate before the last date for
admission as notified by the university.
A candidate who has been admitted to post-graduate course should register
his/her name in the university within a month of admission after paying the
registration fee.
6.
Medium of instruction
English shall be the medium of instruction for the subjects of study as well as for the
Examination.
7.
Course of study
The course shall be pursued on full time basis. There are three branches in M.Sc MLT
course. However, both study and examination for main and subsidiary subjects in first year
shall be common to all the three branches. In the second year the student shall study subject
of his/ her chosen branch. Students shall be posted to RGUHS approved hospitals or clinical
laboratories during the practical hours.
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Subjects for study and teaching hours for first year and second year M.Sc MLT course are
shown in Table – I and Table-II respectively.
Table - I Distribution of Teaching Hours in First Year M.Sc. MLT Subjects
Sl.No.
1.
2.
3
Main Subjects
Theory
Practical
No. of hours
No. of hours
Total
Biochemistry-I
a. Clinical Biochemistry
80
120
b. Biomedical Techniques
40
40
c. Laboratory Management
40
--
a. Clinical Microbiology
80
100
b. Immunology
40
40
c. Molecular Biology
40
20
100
100
b. Immunopathology
40
40
c. Medical Genetics
20
20
a. Biostatistics
30
10
40
b.Research methodology
20
--
20
Total
530
490
1020
320
Microbiology -I
320
Hematology and Blood
Transfusion -I
a. Haematology & Clinical Pathology
320
Subsidiary subject:
Note: Main and Subsidiary subjects are common in I year for all the three branches.
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Table- II Distribution of teaching hours in Second year M.Sc. MLT subjects for the
branches.
Sl.No Sl.No.
Branches
Theory
Practical
Total
No. of hours No. of hours
1.
Biochemistry-II
360
720
1080
2.
Microbiology –II
360
720
1080
3.
Haematology and Blood transfusion -II
360
720
1080
8.
Attendance
Every candidate should have
attended at least 80% of the total number of classes
conducted in an academic year from the date of commencement of the
last working day as notified by university in each of the subjects
term to the
prescribed for that
year, separately, in theory and practical. Only such candidates are eligible to
for the
university examinations in their
appear
first attempt. A candidate lacking the
prescribed percentage of attendance in any subject either in Theory or Practical in the
first appearance will not be eligible to appear for the University Examination in that
particular subject.
The course shall be pursued on full time basis. No candidate shall be permitted to work in
a nursing home or laboratory outside the institution while studying the course. No
candidate shall join any other course of study or appear for any other examination
conducted by this university or any other university in India or abroad during the period
of study.
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9. Monitoring Progress of Studies
Work Diary/Record Book Every candidate shall attend symposia, seminars,
conferences, journal review meetings & lectures during each semester as prescribed by
the department and not absent himself/herself from work without valid reasons. Every
candidate shall maintain a work diary and record of his/her participation in the training
programme. (Refer section III for model check lists and record book). Special mention
may be made of the presentations by the candidate as well as details of laboratory work
conducted by the candidate. The work diary and record shall be scrutinized and certified
by the concerned faculty members.
Internal Assessment (IA)
Institutions running the course shall conduct three tests each in First and Second year for
Internal Assessment. The third test shall be conducted one month prior to the university
examination so that it also serves as preparatory examination. The marks obtained in
these tests will be considered for internal assessment. Average of the best two marks will
be computed for internal assessment and shall be sent to the university as per the
notification issued
by Registrar (Evaluation) before each university examination.
Records and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the college and made available
to the university. Marks of periodic tests shall be displayed on the notice board by the
principals without fail.
If a candidate is absent from the test due to genuine and satisfactory reason, such a
candidate may be given a re-test within a fortnight.
The distribution of marks for internal assessment for subjects of study in first year and
second year are shown in Tables III and IV respectively.
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Table III. Distribution of Internal Assessment marks in first year M.Sc.MLT course
Sl No Subjects
Biochemistry-I
Microbiology-I
Haematology &
Blood Transfusion-I
Marks
1.
Theory
20
Practicals- 15
2.
Practical
20
Record - 5
Marks
Marks
20
20
Practicals-15
20
Practicals-15
Record - 5
20
Record - 5
Table IV. Distribution of Internal Assessment marks in second year M.Sc.MLT course
Sl No Subjects
Biochemistry-II
Microbiology-II
Haematology &
Blood Transfusion-II
Marks
1.
Marks
Theory
Paper-I
20
20
20
Paper-II
20
20
20
Practicals- 15
2.
Marks
Practical
20
Record - 5
Practicals-15
20
Record - 5
Practicals-15
20
Record
-5
NOTE: A student must secure at least 50% of total marks fixed for internal assessment
for a particular subject in order to be eligible to appear in university examination in that
subject. The internal assessment marks will not be added to the marks obtained in the
university examination for declaration of pass.
10. Dissertation
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Each candidate pursuing M.Sc. MLT Course is required to carry out dissertation work on
a selected topic under the guidance of a recognized post graduate teacher for a period of
one year after the submission of synopsis. The results of such a work shall be submitted
in the form of dissertation.
The dissertation is aimed to train in research methods and techniques.
It includes
identification of problem, formulation of hypothesis, search and review of literature,
getting acquainted with recent advances, collection of data, critical analysis,
interpretation of results and drawing conclusions.
Every candidate shall submit to the Registrar (Academic) of the University in the
prescribed proforma, two hard copies of synopsis along containing particulars of
proposed dissertation work within six months from the date of commencement of the
course or on or before the date notified by the University. The synopsis shall be sent
through proper channel.
The University shall arrange for review of synopsis and if found suitable shall register the
dissertation topic. No change in the dissertation topic shall or guide shall be made
without prior approval of the University.
The dissertation shall be written under the following headings:

Introduction

Aims or objectives of study

Review of literature

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary

References

Tables

Annexure
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The written text of dissertation shall not be less than 50 pages and shall not exceed 100
pages excluding references, tables, questionnaires and other annexure. It should be
neatly typed in double line spacing on one side of paper (A4 size, 8.27” x 11.69”) and
bound properly. Spiral binding should not to be done. A declaration by the candidate
that the work was done by him/her shall be included. The guide, head of the department
and head of the institution shall certify the bonafide of the dissertation.
Four copies of dissertation shall be submitted to the university through proper channel
along with a soft copy (CD), three months before the final examinations. It shall be
assessed by two examiners appointed by the university, one internal and one external. No
marks shall be awarded for dissertation. Acceptance of the dissertation is a pre-requisite
for a candidate to be eligible to appear in the final examination.
11. Guide
The eligibility academic qualification and teaching experience required for
recognition as Guides by the RGUHS are:
a) Eligibility to be a guide
Shall be a full time teacher in the college or institution where he or she is working..
b) Academic qualification and teaching/professional experience for each branch
M.Sc. MLT- Clinical Biochemistry

Ph.D. in Medical Biochemistry / Clinical Biochemistry with minimum of three
years of teaching/professional experience
after PhD in a teaching institution or in a
laboratory approved by RGUHS,
Or

M.D. in Biochemistry with three years of teaching/professional experience after
post graduation in a teaching institution or in a laboratory approved by RGUHS,
or

M.Phil. in Clinical Biochemistry with
a minimum of four years of
teaching/professional experience after M.Phil in a teaching institution or in a laboratory
approved by RGUHS,
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or

M.Sc in Clinical Biochemistry [Medical], or M.Sc. MLT in Clinical Biochemistry
with five years of teaching/professional experience after the postgraduate qualification in a
teaching institution or laboratory approved by RGUHS.
M.Sc. MLT - Microbiology & Immunology

M.D. or Ph.D. in Microbiology and three years of
teaching/professional experience after post graduation in a teaching institution or
in a laboratory,
or

M.Sc. MLT in Microbiology and Immunology/M.Sc in Medical Microbiology with
five years of teaching/professional experience after the postgraduate qualification in a
teaching institution or laboratory approved by RGUHS.
M.Sc. MLT-Haematology & Blood Transfusion

M.D. or Ph.D. in Pathology and three years teaching/professional experience after
post graduation in a teaching institution or in a laboratory approved by RGUHS,
or

M.Sc. MLT in Haematology & Blood Transfusion with five years of
teaching/professional experience after the postgraduate qualification in a teaching
institution or laboratory approved by RGUHS.
c) Age:
The age of guide shall not exceed 65 years.
d) Student: Guide ratio - 5:1. A recognized guide shall supervise dissertation work of
not more than five students per academic year.
12. Schedule of examination
a. The University conducts two examinations in a year at an interval not less than four
to six months.
b. The number of examiners for practical and viva-voce shall be two, comprising of
one internal and one external examiner appointed by the university.
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c. A candidate shall not be admitted to the practical examinations for the first time
unless he/she produces the class record book certified by the Head of the
Department.
d. A failed candidate need to appear for both theory and practical examination in the
failed subject/s only in the subsequent examination.
13. Scheme of examination:
University examination:
There shall be two University examinations, one at the end of first year and the other at the
end of second year, respectively.
First year M.Sc MLT
Both the main and subsidiary subjects for M.Sc. MLT course shall be common for all the
three branches in the first year.
Eligibility to appear in university examination
A candidate shall be eligible to appear for first year M.Sc.MLT examination at the
end of one year from the commencement of the course. He/She should have
satisfactorily completed the prescribed course and fulfilled the prescribed
attendance.
.
Written examination: Written examination shall consist of three theory papers each of three hours
duration. Each paper shall carry 100 marks.
Practical examination : There shall be one practical examination in each of first year subjects.
Each practical examination carries 100 marks.
Viva- voce : - This shall aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence and
oral communication skills. Both internal and external examiners shall conduct the viva- voce. Total
marks shall be 50.
The particulars of subjects for examination and distribution of marks are shown in the Table –V.
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Table-V. Main Subjects for Examination and Distribution of marks for First year
Sl
Theory
No
A Main Subjects
Practical
Grand
Total
No of Max
Practical
Viva –Voce Total
papers Marks
Marks
Marks
Practical
Marks
Paper I- Biochemistry-I
Section A: Clinical Biochemistry
one
100
100
50
150
250
Section B: Biomedical Techniques and
Laboratory Management
Paper II- Microbiology-I
Section A : Clinical Microbiology
one
100
100
50
150
250
one
100
100
50
150
250
One
100
No practical examination
Section B : Immunology and
Molecular Biology
Paper III-
Haematology &
Blood Transfusion-I
Section A : Haematology and
Clinical Pathology.
Section B : Immunopathology and
Medical Genetics
B
**Subsidiary subjects
Section A: Biostatatics
(60)
Section B :Research methodology
(40)
100
**Respective colleges shall conduct examination for subsidiary subjects and send the marks
to the University. Prescribed percentage of marks for a pass in subsidiary subject is 35.
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Second year M.Sc MLT
Examination in II year shall be held separately for each branch. A candidate will
appear only in the branch chosen by him/her at the time of admission.
Eligibility: To be eligible to appear in the II year examination a candidate shall have:
i)
completed one year of study in II year, and ii) passed in all the subjects of I
year.
Written examination : Written examination shall consists of two theory papers. Each paper shall
be of three hours duration. Each paper shall carry 100 marks.
Practical examination : There shall be one practical examination in each of the branches . The
marks for each practical examination shall be 100 marks.
The duration of practicals from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. with a lunch break of one hour in between
for each of the branches is as follows:
M.Sc. MLT Clinical Biochemistry II Practical
2 days
M.Sc. MLT Microbiology & Immunology II Practical
3 days
M.Sc. MLT Hematology & Transfusion II. Practical
2 days
Viva- voce : This shall aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence & oral
communication skills. Total marks shall be 50. Presentation of dissertation and discussion on it be
done during the viva-voce .No marks shall be awarded to the presentation of dissertation.
Both internal and external examiners shall conduct the practical and viva- voce examination.
The particulars of subjects for examination and distribution of marks are shown in the Table –VI.
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Table-VI. Main Subjects for Examination and Distribution of marks for Second year
Sl
No
Grand
Main Subjects
Theory
No of
Marks
papers
Practical
Total
Sub
Practical
Viva –Voce Total
total
Marks
Marks
Practical
Marks
Biochemistry - II
1
2
Two
100
200
100
50
150
350
Two
100
200
100
50
150
350
Two
100
200
100
50
150
350
Microbiology-II
Haematology & Blood
3
Transfusion-II
*Records –To be assessed by the external examiners during University Practical examination.
14. Criteria for Pass.
a. Criteria for pass in a subject:
For declaration of pass in any subject in the University examination, a candidate
shall pass both in Theory and Practical examination components separately, as
stipulated below:
Theory component consists of marks obtained in University Written paper. For a
pass in a theory subject, a candidate shall secure not less than 50% of maximum marks in
each paper and an aggregate of 50% marks per subject prescribed for the University
examination separately. For pass in practical examination the candidate has to secure
50% marks in aggregate i.e. marks obtained in the practical and viva-voce examination
added together provided the candidate has secured 40% marks in practical examination..
A failed candidate is required to appear for both Theory and Practical in the subsequent
examination in that subject.
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b. Criteria for pass in First and Second year:
To consider as pass in first or second year a candidate has to appear in all the papers prescribed
for each subject and has to pass in all the prescribed subjects of the University examination for
the concerned year.
15.Carry over
A candidate who has appeared in all subjects of first year in the university examination is
eligible to go to second year provided he/she has passed in any two subjects. However, failed
candidate has to pass the failed subject to become eligible to appear for second year university
examination.
16 Declaration of distinction: A candidate securing total aggregate marks of 75% or more in the
first attempt shall be declared as passed with distinction. Distinction will not be awarded
for candidates passing the examination in more than one attempt.
17. Number of attempts
A candidate is permitted not more than three attempts (actual appearance) to pass the first year
examination or within two academic years from the year of admission, whichever is earlier. A
candidate will not be allowed to continue the course if he/she fails to comply with the above
stipulation.
18. Maximum duration for completion of course
A candidate shall complete the course within four years from date of admission
Failing which the candidate will be discharged.
19. Eligibility for award of degree
A candidate shall have passed in all the subjects of first and second year to be eligible for award
of degree.
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SECTION II
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. Aims and Objectives:
The goals of postgraduate training in various branches of M.Sc MLT are to train
graduates who will:
 Practice respective branches efficiently and effectively, backed by scientific
knowledge and skill.
 Exercise empathy and a caring attitude and maintain high ethical standards.
 Continue to evince keen interest in continuing professional development whether
in teaching or practice.
 Willing to share the knowledge and skills with any learner, junior or a colleague.
 To develop faculty for critical analysis and evaluation of various concepts and
views & to adopt most rational approach.




Demonstrate understanding of basic sciences relevant to respective branches.
Acquire the detailed knowledge about the fundamentals and advances of the
respective branches.
Update knowledge by self-study and by attending courses, conferences and
seminars relevant to branch chosen.
Undertake audit, use information and carryout research with the aim of
publishing or presenting the work at various scientific gatherings.
Acquire adequate skills and competence in performing various tasks as required.







Adopt ethical principles in all aspects of the professional practice.
Foster professional honesty and integrity.
Discharge the duties irrespective of social status, caste, creed or religion of the
customer/client.
Develop oral and written communication skills.
Provide leadership and get the best out of his or her team in a congenial working
atmosphere.
Apply high moral and ethical standards while carrying out research.
Be humble and accept the limitations in his or her knowledge and skill and ask
for help from colleagues when needed.
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Section III
Course Content
First Year M.Sc.MLT
BIOCHEMISTRY-I
THEORY :-
Section-A: - CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
1. CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Definition and Function
- Classification
- Isomerism of Monosaccharides
- Properties of Monosaccharides
- Modified Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
2. CHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS
- Definition, function of Proteins
- Classification of Amino acids
- Properties of Amino acids
- Classification and properties of proteins
- Structural organization of proteins
3. CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
- Definition and function of Lipids
- Classification of Lipids
- Properties of Lipids
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Nucleotides and its bases
- DNA in detail
- RNA and its classification
- High energy compounds
2
0
80 Hours
5. ENZYMES
- Classification of Enzymes
- Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Inhibitors
- Specificity
- Enzyme Kinetics
- Enzymes in clinical diagnosis
6.
Clinical significance, principle of estimation
- Bilirubin General types and jaundice
- Liver Function Test
i)
Bilirubin estimation (Mally evlen method, jendrassrk and Gorf method
direct spectrometry method)
ii)
Alkaline phosphates and acid phosphates estimation by King’s method
iii)
SGOT, SGPT Reatam frank method ALP, PT etc.
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT) importance and principle and techniques of GTT
- Insulin tolerance test
- Gastric juice analysis
- Xylose absorption test
- Analysis of calculi
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
i) Composition and function of CSF
ii) Clinical significance of CSF analysis
iii) Estimation of sugar and proteins in CSF
7. Urine chemistry
- Automation in Urine chemistry
- Physical and Chemical examination of Urine samples. Qualitative tests for inorganic
urinary ingredients
- Common qualitative and quantitative tests of urine
- Clearance test for urine function
8. Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2 (HCO3 -), total and ionized
calcium, phosphorus (inorg.), magnesium.
9. Blood gases and pH, carboxyhemoglobin, CO, Met Hb, O2saturation
10. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
11. Abnormalities of proteins in plasma
12. Disorders of plasma lipids and lipoproteins
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13. Blood collection procedures- theory of anticoagulation.
Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
120 Hours
1. Estimation of blood glucose by Folin method, Ortho toludine method & CHOD – POD
method.
2. Estimation of protein by Biuret method, Lowry, UV method
3. Estimation of serum creatinine by Jaffe’s method
4. Estimation of urea in blood sample by urease
5. Estimation of Total cholesterol by CHOD/POD method
6. Estimation of Triglycerides by GOP/PA method
7. Estimation of HDL Cholesterol by precipitation method
8. Estimation of SGOT in blood sample by kinetic method
9. Estimation of SGPT in blood sample by kinetic method
10. Estimation of alkaline phosphatase in blood sample by kinetic method
11. Estimation of acid phosphatase in blood sample by kinetic method
12. Estimation of bilirubin in blood sample by kinetic method
13. Estimation of Na+, K+ & Ca++ by electrode analyzer
14. Estimation of common parameters in urine through use of strips
15. Estimation of T3, T4 and TSH by ELISA method.
Section B: -BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND LABORATORY
MANAGEMENT.
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES
40 Hours
1. Methods of qualitative analysis of biomolecules:
Principles, experimental procedures and application of chromatography – paper, thinlayer, ion exchange, affinity, gel filtration, gas-liquid and HPLC. Principles, procedures
and application of Electrophoresis – paper, polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel, capillary and
cellulose acetate.
2. Centrifugation Techniques – Principle and technique of preparative and analytical
centrifugation, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultra-centrifuge
and its application.
3. Quantitative methods: Principles and applications of Photometry, Spectrophotometry,
flurometry, ion selective procedures, flame photometry, atomic absorption spectrometry.
Ion selective electrodes and their applications in Medicine.
4.Isotopes: Detection and measurement of radioactive isotopes, application of isotopes in
research and clinical bio-cemsitry.
5.Cell Fractionation, Biochemical activities of different fractions, marker enzymes.
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2
6.Bioenergetics and Biological oxidation: Concept of free energy change, high energy
compounds, ATP generation, redox potentInternal Assesmentl, Electron transport chain,
oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, Uncouplers, ionophores.
7.Purification of enzymes from cells, characterization and criterInternal Assesment of
purity, purification of proteins.
8. Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
PRACTICALS
`
40 Hours
1. Chromatography: paper, thin layer, gel, ion-exchange, demonstration of HPLC and GLC
2. Electrophoresis: slide gel, PAGE, Agarose gel, Native, SDS PAGE of Blood Sample.
(Demo only)
3. Photometry, spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry
4. Cell fractionation – methods
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT
40 Hours
1. Preparation of operating budgets; general aspects of financial management of
laboratories:
2. Cost-analysis (tests and instruments); justification of providing new services or
rejecting existing ones; lease and purchase decision analysis; delegation of budget
responsibilities, work load statistics.
3. Laboratory design: Designing laboratories for different types and sizes of institutions:
selection of equipment and systems for the laboratory, concepts of workstation
consolidation, workflow analysis, concepts in laboratory automation (sample
transportation systems, modular systems, robotics).
4. Laboratory safety: Fire, chemical, radiation and infection control
(body substance precautions), hazardous waste and transport of hazardous materials.
5. Training of technical staff: Familiarity is needed with the syllabi of various training
programs; knowledge of the teaching requirements and level of knowledge technical
staff; understanding of qualifications of technologists trained in other countries.
6. Maintenance of records: Procedure manuals, ward manuals, quality control programs,
patient data retrieval.
7. Personnel management: Personnel policy manual; job descriptions; labor, supervision
relations; conducting job interviews; motivation, recognizing job distress syndrome;
delegation to a laboratory manager.
8. Hospital organization; interactions between the laboratory service and the rest of the
hospital.
9. Professional ethics.
10. Quality assurance; total quality management; development and monitoring of
performance indicators.
11. Public relations; hospital and community.
12. Basic clinical epidemiology
13. Laboratory Data Processing:
14. General principles of methods for reduction of data into forms suitable for electronic
data handling systems (computerized accessioning functions, sample identification and
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tracking (e.g. bar code systems), result reporting, storage and retrieval, electronic data
transfer).
15. Use of computers in quality control and management; use of computers for
calculating analytical results (eg. non-linear functions).
16. General aspects of system design; central vs. stand-alone systems, host computers and
equipment interfaces.
17. Laboratory information systems LIS), Hospital information systems (HIS).
18. Personal computer use; word processing, spreadsheets, data-base, graphics, statistics,
presentations, email, internet. Security of data storage and transmission.
19. Data base structures and data mining.
20. Appropriate access control to patient information.
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION OF BIOCHEMISTRY-I.
Theory: - Their shall be one paper of 3 hrs duration, carrying 100 marks each.
PAPER I:-Biochemistry-I
Sec A: - Clinical Biochemistry
Sec B: - Biomedical Techniques and Laboratory Management
-50 marks
-50 marks
Type of questions and distribution of marks for each section carrying 50
marks
Type of questions
No of questions
Long Essay
Short Essay
01
05
Marks for each
questions
20
06
Total
20
30
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
Max Marks: 100
1. Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate,
Protein or NPN
2. Practicals: A
-
30 Marks
40 Marks
Procedures involving Chromatography or Electrophoresis to be given for
seperation and identification of aminoacids or carbohydrates.
Practicals: B
-
30 Marks
Estimation of Glucose, Total protein, Creatinine, Urea, Cholesterol (any one)
VIVA-VOCE----50 Marks
2
4
The Viva Voce exam will carry 50 marks and both the internal and external examiners
will conduct the examination
MICROBIOLOGY- I
THEORY:
Section A: - CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
80 Hours
1. General aspects.
The investigation of biological samples in infectious diseases is different from the other
branches in that it requires general knowledge of pathogenic agents (bacteria or viruses)
and of host reaction.
1.1 Definition of infection and infectious disease: natural bacteriological ecosystem.
1.2 Pathogenicity of bacteria and viruses.
1.3 General epidemiology of infection and infectious diseases.
1.4 Sterilization & Disinfection
1.5 Culture media and preparation
1.6 Bacteriology of Milk, Water and Air
2. Diagnostic procedures.
2.1 Specimen selection and collection (blood, urine, sputum, faeces, others).
2.2 Specimen processing: smears, staining, cultures including cell cultures,
susceptibility testing, antigen detection.
2.3 Preservation of cultures
2.4 Usual techniques for microbe and virus identification (including principal
differential characteristics).
2.5 Molecular biology techniques for characterization of microbes and viral agents.
2.6 Bacteriological and viral serology.
3. Bacterial and viruses.
Succinct description of responsible bacterial and viruses in bacteriological and viral
syndromes or diseases (including principal differential characteristics).
3.1 Bacterial: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus,
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes (especially S.
agalactiae and S. pneumonia), Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and other
Enterobacteriaceae,
Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Clostridium
perfringens, C. tetani, Bacteroides spp, Lister monocytogenes, Legionella,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and others, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia,
Mycoplasma, etc.Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis, B.cereus, Non
2
5
sporing Anaerobes, Bordetella, Brucella, Yersinia, Actinomyces, Pasteurella,
Franciesella,
3.2 Viruses: herpes (herpes simplex, herpes varicellae, cytomegalovirus, Epstein
Barr virus); hepatitis A, B, C, D, E; human immunodeficiency virus; enteroviruses
(poliovirus); rubella, mumps, measles, parvovirus B19, RSV, myxovirus,
rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, papillomavirus, rabies, Arboviruses,
Poxviruses, Oncogenic Viruses,etc.
4. Antibiotics and antiviral agents
5.1 Basic knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial therapy.
5.2 Antibiotic and antiviral sensitivity test.
5.3 Antibiotic and antiviral resistant mechanisms.
Medical Parasitology & Mycology
5. Epidemiology, main clinical signs, basis for biological diagnosis (including a succinct
description of parasites and fungi without biochemical characteristics),treatment.
5.1 Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica.
5.2 Giardsis, cryptosporidiosis and uro-genital trichomoniases.
5.3 Malaria.
5.4 Toxoplasmosis.
5.5 Intestinal, hepatic and urinary helminthiasis: strongyloidiasis, ancylostomiasis,
enterobiasis, ascariasis, schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni and S
haematobium), fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica) and taeniasis (Taenia saginata).
5.6 Fungal infections (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, etc.).
5.7 Aspergillus infections (Aspergillus fumigatus).
5.8 Dermatophyte infections (Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton
floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes).
5.9 Leishmaniosis.
5.10 Echinococcosis.
5.11 Pneumocystosis.
5.12 Filariasis.
5.13 Leptospirosis
6. Usual techniques for parasite and fungus identification.
7. Immunological and molecular diagnosis of parasitic and mycological diseases.
8. Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS
100 Hours
1. Collection of clinical materials like blood, urine, stool, sputum,
swabs, CSF etc.
2. Parasitology - collection, preservation and transportation of faecal material for
examination of parasites. Concentration techniques of stool for ova and cyst. Wet
2
6
preparation of faecal sample for ova and cyst. Identification of ova and cyst in stool
sample.
3. Procedure of techniques of sputum for AFB.
4. Procedure of skin clipping of Leprae Bacilli.
5. Identification of organisms with Biochemical reactions of common organism like Staphylococus, E.coli - Klebsiella, shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas.
6. Antibiotic Sensitivity tests
7. Preservation of stock culture
8. Bacteriology of water
9. Collection of specimen for fungal examination like skin scrapings, swabs, CSF.
10. Fungal examination by wet preparation
11. Fungal culture
12. ELISA HIV & HBsAg test (Demonstration only)
13. Western blot test ( Demonstration Only)
14. Incubation of fertile eggs and inoculation by various routes. (Demonstration only)
2
7
Section B:-IMMUNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
40 Hours
Immune System
Basic immunology
A. Characteristics of the Immune System
1. Define CD antigens.
2. Define primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.
3. Define mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
3.1 oral
3.2 nasopharyngeal
3.3 gut-associated
3.4 reproductive
4. Describe blood-lymph circulation and lymphatics.
5. Organization of lymph nodes
5.1 Explain hematopoietic cell distribution in lymph nodes.
5.2 Provide examples and locations of lymph nodes in head and neck.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
1. Define concepts of specificity and memory.
2. Describe basic properties of innate immune cells.
3. Describe basic properties of adaptive immune cells.
Physiochemical properties of innate immunity
1. Physiological barriers
2. Anatomical barriers
3. Phagocytic/endocytic barriers
4. Inflammatory barriers
Adaptive Immunity
1. Define humoral immunity.
2. Define cell-mediated immunity.
3. Define T cells, T cell subsets, B cells, and plasma cells.
Antigens and Immunogens
1. Define antigen and immunogen.
2. Define relative antigenicity of macromolecules.
3. Define and give example of antigenic determinants and epitopes.
4. List types of antigens with examples.
5. Define ‘Hapten’ and explain how they function in the immune system
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8
Immunoglobulins (Igs)/Antibodies (Abs):
1. source from B cells and plasma cells
2. B cell/antibody/specificity relationship
3. Describe structure of immunoglobulins:
3.1. Molecular components of Igs
3.2 heavy and light chains
3.3 variable and constant regions
3.4 Define allotype, isotype, idiotype.
Classification of immunoglobulins
1. Explain differences based on heavy and light chains.
2. Describe functional properties of Ig classes.
3. Describe evidence for number of antigenic determinants recognized by Igs.
T cells
1. Describe classification of T cells (Th1, Th2, αβ and γδ T cells).
2. Compare and contrast molecular and cellular features of T cell receptor (TCR) to B
cells receptor (Ig molecule).
3. Describe development of T cells in the thymus.
4. Describe the genes’ rearrangement in TCR development.
5. T cell-associated molecule - the TCR complex
5.1 CD3 molecules
5.2 T cell signaling by CD3
6. Define αβ and γδ T cells, including
6.1 tissue distribution
6.2 differential functions of αβ and γδ T cell.
The Complement System
1. Define the complement system and describe when and how it is used.
2. Provide step-by-step examples of how complement works:
2.1 the classical complement pathway
2.2 the alternate complement pathway
3. List representative infectious agents and products that activate complement.
4. Describe biological effects mediated by complement.
5. Describe the effects of complement on the immune system.
6. Describe the significance of complement at oral mucosal surfaces.
Antigen Processing and Presentation
1. Describe use as a function of T cell activation.
2. Describe cells involved in antigen processing and presentation.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
1. Describe gene nomenclature for MHC antigens.
2. List the numbers of human MHC genes.
3. Explain the tissue distribution of MHC antigens.
4. Describe the structure of MHC Class-I and Class-II molecules.
5. Describe, with examples, how peptide antigens are processed.
2
9
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
1. Describe the cells involved in CMI and the role played in the immune response.
2. Describe the mechanisms of tissue cell destruction by T cells.
3. Describe concept of ‘Memory T Cell’.
4. Define Natural Killer (NK) cell.
5. Define ‘Super Antigen’ and give examples in disease.
Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICALS
1. VDRL Tests
2. Brucella Agglutination test
3. Weil felix test (Demonstration only)
4. Paul Bunnel test (Demonstration only)
5. RA test
6. CRP test
7. TPHA
8. ELISA
9. ASLO
10. WIDAL
40 Hours
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
40 Hours
1. DNA: the support of hereditary information
Structure, types, coiling and supercoiling, topoisomerases, replication, satellite DNA.
Organisation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genome, chromosomes structure, number,
sex chromosomes, human karyotype, methods for chromosome analysis, chromosome
banding, FISH, CGH, Flow cytometry, Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis.
2. Transcription and translation factors involved, RNA processing, types of RNA, genetic
code, Lac operon, Tryptophan operon, regulation in eukaryotes, gene dosage and gene
amplification, generation of antibody diversity.
3.Mutation spontaneous, induced, point mutation and silent mutation, frameshift
mutation, physical and chemical mutagents, molecular basis, site directed mutagenesis,
significance of mutagenesis, DNA repair, isolating mutants, Ames test.
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0
4. Recombinant DNA technology: necessary elements – enzymes and vectors – plasmids,
cosmids, bacteriophages, shuttle vectors, expression vectors, construction of rDNA and
cloning strategies – various methods, genomic libraries (e.g. using phage vectors), cDNA
libraries, introduction of rDNA into host – methods, restriction maps and sequencing.
5. Genetics in medicine: Hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies, phenylketonuria,
alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, genetics of cancer, Down’s
syndrome, Di-George syndrome, Kleinfelters syndrome, Turner’s syndrome,
hermaphroditism, cystic Fibrosis, hemophilia, prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases,
application of recombinant DNA Technology in medicine – PCR, RFLP, DNA finger
printing, therapeutic proteins, vaccines, antibodies, transgenic organisms, gene therapy,
human genome project.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PRACTICALS
20 Hours
PCR- Side Directed Mutagenesis
DNA Isoltation
DNA Cloning, Bacteriall Transformation and Fusion Protein Purification
(Demonstration only)
Plasmid Analysis by Restriction Digestion and Protein Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Gel Electrophoresis.
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Theory: - Their shall be one paper of 3 hrs duration, carrying 100 marks each.
PAPER II:- MICROBIOLOGY-I
Sec A: - Clinical Microbiology
Sec B: - Immunology and Molecular Biology
-50 marks
-50 marks
Type of questions and distribution of marks for each section carrying 50
marks
Type of questions
No of questions
Long Essay
Short Essay
1
5
Marks for each
questions
20
06
3
1
Total
20
30
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION:
1. Identification of bacterial culture (Pre plated Cultures on Mac Conkey or Blood Agar and if
required IMViC tubes to be provided)
- 15 Marks
2. Spotters
- 15 Marks
3. Stool Examination
-10 Marks
4. Acid Fast Stain
- 10 Marks
Or
Albert’s Stain
5. Serology Exercise
- 30 Marks
6. Mycology Exercise
- 20 Marks
Total
- 100 Marks
Viva-Voca Examination
50 Marks
Both internal and external examiners shall conduct the practical and vivavoce examination
HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION –I
THEORY
Section A: - HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
HAEMATOLOGY
75 Hours
Haemotopoesis – Origin, development, function and fate of blood cells.
Erythropoiesis – Origin, development of RBCs, biosynthesis of Hb, control of
Erythropoiesis.
Disorder’s of Red blood cells, Erythrocyte Indices, Red cell inclusion bodies
Anaemia, definition, Pathophysiology, classification -morphologic and Etiologic
classification and clinical features. Investigations in a case of anaemia.
Morphologic – Microcytic hypochromic anaemia, macrocytic anaemia.
Haemolytic anaemias – Definition, classifiction, clinical features.
Investigations to establish a case of hemolytic anaemia.
Tests done - i. Peripheral smear – specific morphologic abnormalities
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2
ii. Reticulocyte count
Corrected reticulocyte count
Reticulocyte production index
iii. Osmotic fragility test
iv. Coomb’s test
v Sickling phenomenon
vi. Kleihauer acid Elution test
vii. Alkali denaturation test
viii Ham’s test, Sucrose lysis Test
ix Electrophoresis – HbF & Hb A2 estimation
x. Test for G6PD deficiency
Aplastic anemia. Pancytopenia, Anemia due to abnormal globin synthesis
Polycythaemia.
Disorders of white Blood cells – Leucocytosis, Leukopenia, Leukaemoid reaction,
Myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) .
Leukaemias -Definition ,Etiology ,Clinical features.
Classification- [ French American British- FAB classification] Lab Investigations
Cytochemistry of Acute leukaemias
Chronic myeloid leukaemia -clinical presentation. Investigations. Philadelphia
chromosome.
Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase [LAP score.]
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
5. Plasma cell disorders – classification
Plasma cell myeloma – definition ,clinical features, investigations.
6. Myelo Proliferative disorders – general features ,classification – investigations
7. Lympho Proliferative disorders - general features, classification , Investigations
8. Lipid Storage Disorders
9. Haemoparasites
10. Bone marrow examination
11 Haemorrhagic disorders
Definition – Pathogenisis,Clinical fearture ,Classification. - vascular disorders,
Platelet disorders, coagulation disorders, Fibrinolysis.
Normal haemostasis .
Investigation of heamorrhagic disorders
Tests of vascular and Platelet function – Bleeding time , Clot retraction, Platelet count
B..M Aspiration , Platelet Aggregation Studies.
Tests for Coagulation Disorders
Screening test – First line tests
Prothrombin time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time(APTT), Thrombin
Time (TT)
Second line tests – Mixing experiments. Urea Solubility Test[Test for Factor XIII ]
Coagulation Factor assay. Factor VIII: C Inhibitor Study.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation [ DIC ]-Definition ,Pathophysiology, Clinical
Feartures and Laboratory Investigations.
Fibrinogen assay
12. Thrombotic disorders –Classification, Pathogenisis, Clinical Feartures and Laboratory
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3
Investigations. Antiphospholipd Antibody Syndrome.
13. Automation in Haematology
14. Organization & quality control in the laboratory
15. Cleaning of glassware
16. Biomedical waste management
Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
HAEMATOLOGY PRACTICALS
60 Hours
Blood collection. Anticoagulants used in Hematology
Red cell indices
E.S.R., PCV, Platelet count, Absolute Eosinophil count
Reticulocyte count
Stains used in Hematology
Preparation of blood film
Preparation of Leishman’s stain, Giemsa stain and MGG stain
Peripheral smear staining by leishman’s stain. Interpretation of peripheral smear.
Differential count.
Microcytic hypochromic anemia –
Investigations including serum Iron & TIBC
Macrocytic anemia - Investigations including B12 & folate assay, schilling test
9. Hemolytic anemia – General Lab investigations
10. Hemolytic anemia - Special Tests.
Osmotic fragility test
Alkali denaturation test
Sickling test
Hb electrophoresis
Investigations of G6PD deficiency
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia investigations
Coomb’s test
11. Blood Parasites
12. Bone marrow – preparation of bone marrow smears , Trephine biopsy smears
Staining of B.M Aspiration Smears. Demonstration of Iron stain
13. Leukemia - Interpretation of Peripheral smear in Leukemia.
Cytochemical stains – Demonstration
14. Haemorrhagic disorders
Collection and anticoagulants used – Demonstration
BT, CT – Demonstration
PT,INR, APTT, TT- Demonstration
Mixing experiments – Demonstration
Test for D-Dimers- Demonstration
Assay of coagulation factors - Demonstration
Factor VIII: C Inhibitor Study – Demonstration
Urea Solubility Test for Factor XIII- Demonstration
Fibrinogen assay - - Demonstration
15. Thrombotic work up - Demonstration
3
4
Investigation for Antiphospholipid Antibody- Demonstration
16. Automation in hematology - demonstration
17. Cleaning of glassware
18. Bio-medical waste management – demonstration.
19. Organization and quality control in the laboratory.
20. Preparation of Stains, Reagents, Diluting fluids.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
25 Hours
Collection, transport, preservation and processing of various clinical specimens
Urine examination, Physical, chemical and microscopic. Urine analysis by Strip method
Test for haemosiderin pigment.
Renal function tests.
Stool examination – collection of specimen of feaces
Macroscopic (Naked eye) inspection
ii Concentration method ,Flotation method .
iii. Microscopic examination
iv. Chemical examination
Strip method
vi. Test for Occult blood – Benzidine Test
Sputum examination – collection of specimen
i. Physical examination
ii. Microscopic – Gram’s stain, Ziehl Neelsen stain for AFB
iii. Chemical examination
Gastric analysis
Indications ,contra indication. Method of collection. Fasting gastric juice – Macroscopic
and microscopic examination.
i Fractional test meal
ii. Augumented Histamin test
iii. Hollander’s test
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Method of obtaining CSF, indications, contra indications.
Examination of CSF : i. Physical examination
ii. Biochemical examination
iii. Microscopic examination
a. Cytological examination
b. Bacteriological examination
Body fluids
Microscopic examination of Pleural, Pericardial, synovial, ascitic and peritonial fluid.
Pregnancy Test- Method ,interpretation.
Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PRACTICALS
3
5
40 Hours
1.Urine examination, Physical, chemical and microscopic. Urine examination by Strip
method
Urine Test for haemosiderin pigment. [Demonstration ]
2. Stool examination –
i. Macroscopic examination
ii. Concentration method ,Flotation method .
iii. Microscopic examination
iv. Benzidine Test- for occult blood
3. Sputum examination - Macroscopic, Microscopic and AFB Staining
4. Examination of Cerebrospinal fluid [CSF ] and body fluids.
5. Pregnancy Test
6. Examination of Semen.
Section B: - IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL GENETICS
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
40 Hours
1. Mechanism of Ab-mediated inactivation : direct and indirect
Eg. Diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, pernicious anemia, polyendocrinopathy, infertility,
haemophilia, myasthenia gravis, anti-idiotypes and diseases.
2. Immune deficeincy disorders
3. Immunohaematologic diseases : transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis foetails, warm-antibody
disesases, cold antibody diseases, drug and hemolytic diseases, agranulocytosis,
thrombocytopenic purpura, immune suppression cytotoxic antibodies in vitro.
4. Immune comples reactions : arthus reaction, serum sickness, evaluation of circulating immune
complexes.
5. Connective tissue diseases : Pl;arteritis, SLE, dermatomyosis, rheumatic fever, rhematoid
arthritis, prograssive systemic sclerosis.
6. Atopic anaphyllactic reactions : reaginic antibody, anaphylaxis, atopic allery – factors involved,
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6
asthma, hay fever, food allergy, insect allergy, atopic eczma, delayed hypersensitivity reactions,
contact dematitis, viral infectionss, graft-host relationship in pregnancy.
7. Autoallergiiic diseases: encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, oorchitis, thyroiditis, sjogren’s
syndrome.
8. Granulomatous reactions : Infectious diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy.
9. Autoimmune diseases-organ specific and systemic.
10. Immunomodulators
11. Clinical transplantation-Kidney ,Bone marrow ,Heart.
12. Immunology of AIDS ,Tumour and Tumour markers.
13. Immunohaematology- Campatibility testing.
Bio-Medical waste: Types, potential risks and their safe management.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY PRACTICALS
40 Hours
1. Serological tests [Screening &diagnostic] used in different pathological conditions.
2. Delayed type hypersensitivity testing.
3. Detection of tumor markers.
4. Histocompatibility testing.
5. Blood grouping &cross matching.
6. Coomb’s Test - Direct & Indirect.
7. Setting up of Immuno histochemistry lab.
MEDICAL GENETICS
20 Hours
1. The history and impact of Genetics in Medicine
Gregor Mendel and the laws of inheritance.
The chromosome basis of inheritance
Origin of Medical Genetics
Classification of Genetic disease
The impact of Genetic disease
Major new developments
2. The Chromosome varInternal Assesmenttion and sex determination
An overview of chromosome number, chromosome composition and sex determination in
humans.
Methods of chromosome analysis.
Molecular cytogenetics.
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7
Chromosome abnormalities.
3. Human genetic diseases
Genetic disorders with classical MendelInternal Assesmentn inheritance.
Autosomal recessive inheritance.
Patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance.
X-linked inheritance.
Patterns of pseudo-autosomal inheritance.
A typical pattern of inheritance.
4. Biochemical genetics
The inborn errors of metabolism.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Urea cycle disorders.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolisms.
Disorders of steroid metabolism.
Disorders of lipid metabolism.
Lysosomal storage disorders.
Disorders of purine/pyrimidine metabolism.
Organic acid disorders.
Disorders of copper metabolism.
Peroxidase disorders.
5. Human Genome project, treatment of genetic disease and gene therapy.
Human genome project
Treatment of genetic disease
Gene therapy.
6. Genetics & society.
GENETICS PRACTICALS
20 Hours
1. Study of Karyotypes I
Normal karyotyping in Humans – male (46, XY) and female (46, XX), G banded metaphase
plates.
2. Study of Karyotypes II
Abnormal karyptypes – Down syndrome (Autosomal), Turner syndrome and Klinefelter
syndrome (Sex chromosome)
3. Sex chromatin
Buccal semear study and staining methods for Barr bodies
Blood smear study of drumsticks in neutrophils
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8
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Theory: - Their shall be one paper of 3 hrs duration, carrying 100 marks each.
PAPER III:- Haematology and Blood Transfusion -I
Sec A: - Haematology and Clinical Pathology
Sec B: - Immunopathology and Medical Genetics
-50 marks
-50 marks
Type of questions and distribution of marks for each section carrying 50
marks
Type of questions
No of questions
Long Essay
Short Essay
1
5
Marks for each
questions
20
06
Total
20
30
Practicals Examination - Total –100 marks
1. Spotters
- 20 marks
2. Staining and reporting the Peripheral smear - 20 marks
3. Special test - ( Any two to be performed ) - 10marks
a. RBC / WBC Count
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Reticulocyte count
Absolute Eosinophil Count
ESR or PCV
Osmotic Fragility Test
Sickling test
4. Blood Transfusion preliminary tests
a. Blood grouping and typing including Dn test
3
9
(Compulsory )
- 10 Marks
Any one of the following
- 10 Marks
b. Cross – Matching –
c. Coomb’s Test - Direct & Indirect
a. Urine Examination (Compulsory) – 10 Marks
i. Physical
ii. Microscopic
iii. Chemical
Any two of the following
- 10 Marks
1.Sugar & Ketone Bodies
5. Clinical Pathology
2.Protein & Blood
3. Bilirubin / Bile salt / Bile pigment
Stool Examination
- 10 Marks
i. Microscopic
ii. Macroscopic
iii. Special Tests
Viva-Voce Examination
1. Haematology –15
-50 Marks
2. Clinical Pathology – 10
3. Immunology – 15
Both internal and external examiners shall conduct the practical and viva- voce
examination
**SUBSIDARY SUBJECTS I YEAR
1. BIOSTATISTICS
30 Hours
1. Introduction to Biostatistics
Definition, role of statistics in health science and health care delivery system
2 . Sampling Population, sample, sampling, reasons for sampling, probability and nonprobability sampling
Methods of probability sampling-simple random, stratified, systematic-procedure, merits and
demeritsUse of random number table.
3. Organization of data
Frequency table, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve, bar diagram, pie chart
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0
4. Measures of location Arithmetic mean, median, mode, quartiles and percentiles – definition,
computation (for raw data ), merits, demerits and applications.
5. Measures of variation
Range, inter –quartile range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation- definition,
computation (for raw data), merits, demerits and applications
6 : Basic probability distributions and sampling distributions:
Concept of probability distribution. Normal, Poisson and Binomial distributions, parameters
and application. Concept of sampling distributions. Standard error and confidence intervals.
[Skewness and kurtosis ]
7 : Tests of significance :
Basic of testing of hypothesis – Null and alternate hypothesis, type I and type II errors,
level of significance and power of the test , p value.
Tests of significance (parametric) – t – test (paired and unpaired), Chi square test and test of
proportion, one way analysis of variance.
8 . Correlation and Regression :
Scatter diagram, concept and properties of correlation coefficient, examples (No
computation Simple correlation ) Pearson’s and spearman’s, testing the significance of
correlation coefficient. Linear and multiple regression.
Suggested books :
1. Lwanga SK Cho-Yook Tye (Editors). Teaching Health Statistics, Twenty lessons and
seminar outlines, World Health Organization, Geneva
2. Mahajan BK, Methods in Biostatistics for medical students and research workers. 6th
Edition, Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
3. Sundr Rao PSS and Richard J. Introduction of Biostatistics; A Manual for students in
Health sciences. Prentic-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
4. N.S.M. Rao : Elements of Health statistics
STATISTICS PRACTICALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10 Hours
Collection and tabulation of data
Graphical representation of data
Correlation and regression analysis
Student’s ‘t’ test
Chi-square test
ANOVA
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
20 Hours
Aim
The aim of this Module is to provide the student with experience of research
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1
methods and techniques while working alongside research laboratory staff on a
designated research project.
Objectives
By the end of this Study Module students should be able to:
(i) design, carry out, write up and critically appraise a selected research topic;
(ii) demonstrate knowledge of skills in appropriate research laboratory practices;
(iii) carry out a range of laboratory techniques using appropriate methodologies.
Constituency
These module are intended for students who wish to learn research methods and
techniques and perhaps do a PhD in the future. Some experience of laboratory practice
would help the student to take full advantage of this module, although in most instances
students will be fully trained in all necessary techniques.
Conceptual outline
This is a purely practical module designed to introduce students to a variety of research
techniques and to give them the opportunity of using these techniques in conducting a
novel a research project. Each student will choose an individual research project and will
be directly supervised by an expert in the field. This Module will necessitate long
working hours in some cases and may involve some students studying at institutions
other than the parent Institution.
Teaching strategy
This module is entirely laboratory based, with no formal teaching or lectures. Teaching
is on a one-to-one basis with a designated supervisor. Students must be highly
motivated and be prepared to work long hours in order to make a success of this
module.
Reviewing the literature
Aim
This Study Module aims to describe and illustrate the methods available for identifying
and reviewing quantitative and qualitative literature.
Objectives
By the end of the Study Module students should be able to:
(i) carry out an appropriate, rigorous review of the literature; and
(ii) understand the strengths and weaknesses of different methods of identifying,
assessing and synthesizing literature.
Conceptual outline
This module will cover all stages in carrying out an appropriate and rigorous review.
1. Planning the review: the role of the literature review and specification of the task
4
2
2. Identification of relevant literature, both published and unpublished: developing a
search strategy and using bibliographic databases.
3. Appraising the literature: methods for assessing the quality of quantitative and
qualitative research.
4. Synthesising the evidence: integration of the evidence using both quantitative and
qualitative methods; principles of meta-analysis.
5. Formulating recommendations and writing the review.
Teaching strategy
The technical aspects of literature reviewing will be presented in lectures and computer
practicals, using some of the databases available through the RGUHS’s HELINET
network. The format of the seminars will encourage both a practical application and
critical appraisal of methods. Each student can choose his or her own topic and question
for their assessed literature review. Students should consider possible topics and
questions in preparation for the Study Module. There will be three sessions during the
Study Module for general advice on the assessment.
Course Content
Second Year M.Sc.MLT
BIOCHEMISTRY-II
PAPER I
SECTION A
1. LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT STATUS


The dynamics and mechanisms of liver enzyme release and the clinical utility of
measuring hepatic enzymes (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
aminotransferase, -glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate
dehydrogenase).
The biochemical assessment of liver function by nonenzyme analytes such as
albumin, ammonia, bile acids, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total protein, and
triglycerides.
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3


Bilirubin metabolism, fractionation of bilirubin (conjugated, unconjugated, bilirubin, direct vs indirect) and unique aspects of neonatal bilirubin. Understand the
conditions and genetic defects that affect bilirubin metabolism, transport and
clearance (e.g., Gilbert disease and Dubin-Johnson syndrome).
Jaundice
2. RENAL FUNCTION


The basic physiology of renal function. The basic categories of renal diseases (e.g.,
pre renal azotemia, obstructive azotemia, glomerulonephritis, acute vs chronic renal
failure, uremic syndrome) and be familiar with the National kidney Foundation
practice guidelines for these conditions. The laboratory analytical methods (e.g., Jaffe
vs creatinase) for the assessment of renal function (creatinine, urea nitrogen,
glomerular filtration rate) and proteinuira. The concept of creatinine clearance, how it
can be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate, and the various methods employed
to measure it. Renal handling of electrolytes and key metabolites and the
interpretation of urinary electrolyte measurements.
The definition of osmolality, molecules in serum that contribute to osmolality, and
calculation of osmolal gap as well as the principle of the osmometer. The common
pitfalls and sources of error during estimation of the osmolal gap (e.g.,
hyperproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypermagnesemia). The differential diagnosis of
an unexplained, increased osmolal gap, including alcohol or glycol ingestion,
alcoholic or diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis, and osmotherapy (e.g., mannitol or
glycerol administration), among others. The principles of fluid balance.
3. GASTRIC & PANCREATIC FUNCTION


The clinical manifestations of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal disease and diagnostic
methodologies such as the breath tests for Helicobacter pylori, fecal occult blood,
lipase and amylase (e.g., fractionation of amylase; pancreatic vs salivary and
amylase/creatinine clearance ratio).
The role of gastrointestinal hormones and enzymes in digestion and the evaluation of
malabsorption and diarrheal sydromes.
4. ASSESSMENT OF THYROID FUNCTION



The structure, biosynthesis, secretion, and metabolism of thyroid hormones
(thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine(T3), and reverse T3 (rT3). Thyroid physiology and
control of thyroid function (thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotropin
(TSH).
The common causes of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
The laboratory tests for evaluation of thyroid disorders and be able to interpret these
analytes in their clinical context with an apprecitation for the euthyroid sick state.
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4

Current analytical methodologies for thyroid testing (TSH methods : 1st-, 2nd-, and
3rd-generation assays; isotopic and nonisotopic methods; T4; free T3 methods; Tuptake methods; TSH suppression and stimulation tests).
5. ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY WATER AND ELECTROYLTES BALANCE.


Define the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Physiologic buffers systems and the role
of respiratory and renal compensation. Categories of clinical disorders of acid-base
balance (metabolic and respiratory acidosis, metabolic and respiratory alkalosis,
mixed disorders).
The differential diagnosis of common electrolyte disorders
6. ISOENZYMES AND CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
7. TUMOR BIOMARKERS :



The definition, classification, biochemistry, and distribution of tumor markers, both
protein and carbohydrate, including, but not limited to, prostate-specific antigen,
calcitonin, human chorionic gonadotropin, -fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen
CA 15-3, CA 125, and CA 19-9.
The limitations of laboratory assessment of various tumor markers and the factors
affecting the results of different analytical procedures.
The conceptual basis of assays used to screen for malignancy, including Bayes
theorem.
. Recent developments in identifing proteomic patterns for cancer detection.
8. PEDIATRIC CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Problems of specimen collection; capillary specimens.
Reference range differences in infants and children: Those that vary significantly with
age and sex (inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate
aminotransferase, creatine kinase).
Special problems in pediatrics: Respiratory distress syndrome , gastrointestinal disease
(fat absorption, disaccharide intolerance, protein-losing neonatal
hyperbilirubinemia; cystic fibrosis; neuroblastoma (VMA ,HVA); enteropathy), , Heavy
metal poisoning in children.
9. AUTOMATION AND POINT OF CARE TESTING (POCT)
10. COLORI METER AND SPECTROPHOTO METER
11. FLAME PHOTO METER AND ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES (ISE)
12. BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
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5
13. PH METER
14. ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
15. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology
SECTION B
1. PHARMACOKINETICS
 The concepts of drug absorption, bioavailability, volume of distribution, and
distribution phases (multicompartment models) and be able to predict peak drug
levels.
 The differences between fist-and zero- order kinetics of drug metabolism /
elimination.
 The concepts of drug clearance, halt-life, and the exponential rate constant. Be able to
calculate steady-state drug levels and estimate peak and trough drug levels throughout
a dosing cycle
 The origin and consequences of nonlinear or zero-order pharmacokinetics on drug
pharmacokinetics
 The differences between measurement of total, free, and protein-bound drug levels
and be able to assess the consequences of altered protein binding on pharmacokinetics
and therapeutic drug monitoring.
2. DRUG METABOLISM
 The differences between phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions
 Various consequences of competing metabolic pathways to
modulate both the efficacy and toxicity of administered medications
 Frequent interindividual variability drug-metabolizing enzymes and its impact on the
variability of drug response
3. PHARMACODYNAMICS
 The general mechanisms of drug action, including drug-receptor interactions,
modulation of metabolic pathways, and nucleic acid biochemistry.
 Rreference ranges for therapeutic drug monitoring, methods of establishing the same
and understand the varying utility of trough , peak, or steady-state drug levels for
monitoring both drug efficacy and toxicity. The therapeutic index.
4. THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING OF SPECIFIC DRUG CLASSES


The principles and practice of therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants, mood
stabilizers, and antipsychotics; anticonvulsants; cardioactive drugs; bronchodilators;
antibiotics; and immunosuppressants.
The relative significance of peak and trough levels for monitoring of these drug
classes
5. TOXICOLOGIC SYNDROMES
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6



The pathophysiological basis and be able to recognize the five major toxicologic
syndromes (cholinergic, anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, opiate, and sedativehypnotic).
formulation of toxicologic differential diagnosis and designing a clinical laboratory
testing protocol for each of the syndromes
The basic therapeutic approach to each syndrome
6. LABORATORY EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF OVERDOSED OR
POISONED PATIENTS
 The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines for Emergency
Toxicology.
 The important differences between urine and blood (including serum and plasma) for
monitoring and detection of drugs / xenobiotics.
 Designing and implementing standardized STAT panels of laboratory tests for
evaluation of overdosed/poisoned patients.
 The limitations of drug "screening" protocols and be able to consult on the design of
more extensive drug-testing protocols to supplement the standard STAT panels.
 The toxicologic profiles of specific agents, including acetaminophen, salicylates,
alcohols and glycols, barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants, carbonmonoxide,
organophosphates and carbamate, digoxin lead, iron, and cyanide.
 The general supportive measures, the role of alkalinization, the importance of specific
antidotes, and the variable efficacy of exchange transfusion hemodialysis,
plasmapheresis, and charcoal hemoperfusion of blood in the management of specific
agents.
7. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE




The generic methodology of the routine immunoassays for drugs-of-abuse testing.
Major drugs of abuse and their clinical manifestations
Common methods for adulteration of urine and the techniques available in the
laboratory to detect them.
Specific reactivates of each immunoassay, the standard cutoffs for detection, and
whether the assay is capable of detecting the parent drug, its metabolites, or both.
Identify members of a drug class which are poorly or well detected by a generic
immunoassay (e.g., oxycodone detection by the opiate immunoassay) and the
common causes of false positives due to cross-reactivities.
8. PHARMACOGENOMICS
ADDITIONAL COMPETENCIES SPECIFIC TO CHEMISTRY
Patient Care
 "Chain of custody" and other legal requirements for forensic chemical
pathology.
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7
Professionalism
 The social consequences of testing for drugs of abuse.
PAPER II
1. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND ITS DISORDERS.
Chemistry and Metabolism of carbohydrates:
Clinical features and laboratory findings in insulin resistance, Type 1, Type 2 and
gestational diabetes mellitus; diagnostic and monitoring criteria for diabetes;
investigation of hypoglycemic syndromes (A).
Glucose tolerance test procedures and interpretation (A); in pregnancy (A).
Ketosis and lactic acidosis (A).
Differential diagnosis of coma; hyperosmolar coma (A).
Hemoglobin A1c (A); fructosamines (A); C-peptide (B).
Insulin tolerance test (C); glucagon and somatostatin (C).
Use and dangers of provocative tests, e.g. tolbutamide and glucagon (B).
Assay of insulin, proinsulin and insulin antibodies (B).
Albuminuria (A).
Antibodies (anti-GAD, Anti-insulin, ect.).
2. PROTEINS, DISORDERS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM.
Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins and Ammaino acids.
Clinical features and laboratory findings in disorders of the plasma proteins (A); acute
phase proteins (A).
Serum protein and albumin, serum and urine protein electrophoresis (A).
Causes of hypoalbuminemia; hypo- and hyperglobulinemias (A).
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (B).
Ammaino aciduras, screening test for ammaino acid disorders.
Methods for protein detection in body fluids.
3. LIPID METABOLISM AND LIPOPROTEIN DISORDERS.
Complete Chemistry and metabolism of lipids
Clinical features and laboratory findings in disorders of triglycerides, lipoproteins and
cholesterol metabolism (A).
Lipid, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins metabolism; HDL, LDL, VLDL, apoA, apoB,
apoC, apoE and their receptors (A).
Fat absorption, transport, storage and metabolism (A).
Investigation and principles of treatment of hyperlipidemias (A).
Assessment of risk factors for atherosclerosis (A).
Lipoprotein(a), lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) (B).
Lipid profile, Separation of lipoproteins
4. Chemistry and Metabolism of Nuclic Acids
Nucleotides and their bases,DNA, RNA, Hiegh energy compounds.
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8
Major roles of purines and pyrimidines,synthesis of pyrimidines,pyrimidine
salvage,catabolism of pyrimidines,synthesis of purines,purine salvage, catabolism of
purines, GOUT.
5. VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
6. ENERGY METABOLISM AND NUTRITION
Food calories, RQ, BMR, calorie requirements,proteins in nutrition, fats in
nutrition,carbohydrates
in
nutrition,
fibers
in
nutrition,protein
–energy
malnutrition,starvation,diet for normal adults, pregnant women,children, etc
7. MINERAL METABOLISM AND ITS DISORDERS.
Sodium
and
potassium,chlorine,calcium
and
phosphorus,magnesium,sulfur
metabolism,Iron,copper,Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Selenium, Iodine,
Fluroine, chromium, Water Balance.
8. HORMONES AND ITS DISORDERS
Horomone Families, Neurotransmitter families, Hormone receptors, Regulation of
hormone secretion, Signal transductions, Gastrointestinal hormones, Hypothalamic
hormones, Posterior pituitary hormony, anterior pituitary hormones, Melanocyte
stimulating hormones, placental hormones, Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, pancreatic
hormones, diabetes mellitus, Insulin like growth factors, Adrenal medullary hormones,
adrenal cortex hormones, Testosterone, Ovarian Hormones, Thyroid hormones,
Regulation of blood sugar, Neurotransmitters.
9. RADIOISOTOPES, ITS APPLICATION AND ITS DETECTION
Radioactive emissions, Radiation – matter interaction, Radiation dose, Radiation
measurement, Effects on human body, Radioisotopes in research, Radioisotopes in
diagnosis, Radiotherapy
10. BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC.)
Oxidoreductases, Redox potential, Mitochondrial respiratory chain, electron shuttles,
oxidative Phosphorylation, Uncouplers of oxidative Phosphorylation.
11. FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS
M.Sc. MLT Biochemistry - II
General Biochemistry Practicals:
Buffers & Buffering capacity.
Colorimetry.
Spectrophotometry.
Molar Extinction Co-efficient.
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9
Color reactions of Carbohydrates.
Paper chromatography of Carbohydrates.
Thin layer Chromatography of Carbohydrates.
Color reaction of amino acids.
Paper Chromatography of amino acids.
Thin layer chromatography of amino acids.
Ion exchange chromatography of amino acids.
Serum Electrophoresis
Enzymes
Effect of temperature on Enzyme activity.
Effect of substrate concentration on Enzyme activity.
Effect of pH on the rate of reaction.
Effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction.
Clinical Biochemistry Practicals
Anti Coagulants.
Blood Specimen Collection.
Protein precipitants.
Estimation of blood sugar by Folin wu method & Glucose Oxidase Method
Estimation of blood urea by DAM method.
Estimation of blood uricacid by Caraway’s method.
Estimation of serum creatine & creatinine Jaffe’s method.
Estimation of total serum protein by Biuret method.
Estimation of Inorganic phosphorous by method of gomorri.
Estimation of Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method.
Estimation of Serum Calcium
Estimation of Serum Bilirubin
Estimation of Alkaline & Acid Phosphatase
Estimation of SGOT, SGPT, UV Kinetic Method and Gamma GT
Estimation of LDH
Estimation of Creatinine Kinase
Estimation of Serum Amylase – Somogyi Amylolytic method
Estimation of Fe binding Capacity ( For Demonstration only )
Estimation of 17-Ketosteroids in urine ( For Demonstration only )
Estimation of Serum C1, HCO3, pH, PO2, PCO2 blood gas analysis ( For
Demonstration only )
CSF Analysis for Biochemical examination ( For Demonstration only )
Analysis of Urine for abnormal constituents
Analysis of Body Fluids: Plural, Peritoneal, Ascitic and Pericardial ( For
Demonstration only )
Estimation of Therapeutic drugs like Digoxin, phenotoin, carbamazapine,
phenobarbitone, cyclosporine, Lithium ( For Demonstration only )
Estimation of Hormones - Thyroid hormones
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
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0
Theory: - There shall be two papers of 3 hrs duration, carrying 100 marks each.
M.Sc. MLT II Year – Paper I (Theory)
Biochemistry-II
THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration : 3 Hrs
Max Marks:100
Distribution of Marks
SECTION – A
Max Marks: 50
SECTION – B
Max Marks: 50
SECTION A – CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Type of questions
No of questions for
No. of questions Total Marks
each subject
and marks for
each question
Long Essay
1
1x20
20
Short Essay
3
03x10
30
SECTION B – PHARMACOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Type of questions
No of questions for
No. of questions Total Marks
each subject
and marks for
each question
Long Essay
1
1x20
20
Short Essay
3
03x10
30
M.Sc. MLT II Year – Paper II (Theory)
Biochemistry-II
THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration : 3 Hrs
Distribution of Marks
Max Marks:100
Type of questions
No of questions for
each subject
Long Essay
Short Essay
1 +1
6
No. of questions Total Marks
and marks for
each question
2x20
40
06x10
60
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION:
Day 1
1. Identification along with techniques in Chromatography or Electrophoresis – 30
5
1
2. Charts reporting
- 10
3. Identification of abnormal constituents in any of biological fluids
(urine / CSF / Ascetic fluid / Pleural fluid) any one
- 15
Day 2
1. Estimation of Blood Sugar / Blood Urea / Uric Acid / Creatinine / Total Proteins / In
organic Phosphorous / Cholesterol / Bilirubin
- 20
2. Enzyme Kinetics (one of the factors effecting enzyme activity viz Temperature / pH
/ Substrate Concentration / enzyme concentration)
- 25
Total
VIVA
- 100
- 50
Both internal and external examiners shall conduct the practical and vivavoce examination.
Grand Total
-150
Reference Books:
Biochemistry – Strayer H.Gerjmetal-W.H.Freeman and company New York 5th edition 2002.
Lehnineger’s Principles of Biochemistry – Lehnineger. A.L., Nelson. D.L., Eral-C.B.S.
Publishers and distributors, New Delhi 3rd edition.
Harper Illustrated Biochemistry – Murray R.K. Grannar, D.K. Mayes-P.A. Eral 26th
edtion, McGrawHIll. 2003.
Medical Biochemistry – N.V. Bhagavan -Academic Press 4th edition 2002.
Text Book of Biochemistry – A.S. Saini, C.B.S Publishers and distributors 2nd edition.
Teitz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry – Burtis. C.A. Ashoowd E. R. – Har Court
(India) Ltd 5th edition 2001.
Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry – Gowenlock and Bell William Heinemann,
6th edition 1992.
Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations – Devlin T.M. Wiley Liss, New
York 5th Edition 2002.
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2
Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base balance and Electrolyte disorders – Rose. B.D –
Mcgraw-Hill International edition New York 4th edition 1994.
Methods in Bio-Statistics for Medical students – Mahajan. B.K. Jaypee brothers
Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
Manual of Practical Biochemistry for M.B.B.S –S.K.Gupta, Veena Singh GhalautArya publishing Company, New Delhi.
Clinical Chemistry – Theory analysis and Correlation – Kalpan. L.A. and pesse. A.GC.V. Moslay and Company St. Louis, M.O. 2nd edition 1989.
Principles of Biochemistry – CBS Publishers – Lehninger, Nelson, Cox.
Journals for Reference:
Clinica Chemica Acta
Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Biochemistry Journal
Clinical Chemistry
European Journal of Biochemistry.
MICROBIOLOGY-II
PAPER-I: SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, APPLIED
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
80 Hours
1. Normal flora of the human body.
2. Collection transport, processing of specimens of diagnosis of
bacterial, viral and fungal infection in the following cases.
Respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections,
genital tract infections, CNS infections wounds and abscesses,
Eye, ear and sinus infections, infections of the blood, tissue
samples for culture.Biological safety in clinical laboratory,
quality control, modern
techniques employed in clinical
laboratory.
3. Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology,
bacterial and viral
infections, infections in paedriatic patients, surveillance and
control programmes, organizations and associations involved,
role of microbiology lab in prevention and control, devices
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3
associated intravascular infections and its control, device associated
intravascular infections and its control, sterilization, disinfections and
antisepsis in hospitals.
4. Respiratory tract infections: Upper respiratory tract: aetiology,
transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical features of
following:
Common cold, Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis, otitis and
sinusitis, acute epiglottitis, oral cavity infections, laryngitis,
and tracheitis, diphtheria.
Lower respiratory tract- whooping cough, bronchitis, RSV
infections, Bacterial diagnosis of respiratory tract
infections.
5. Urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseasesBacterial, viral and fungal infections of the urinary tract, etiology,
pathogenesis, transmission, clinical features and diagnosis of
syphilis, gonorrhoea, Chlamydial infections, HIV, bacterial,
Vaginosis, genital herpes, papiloma virus infections, opportunistic
STDs.
6. Gastrointestinal tract infections: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical
features, and diagnosis of diarrhoel diseases (bacterial and viral),
H.pylori, food poisoning, parasites in the GI tract, systemic
infections from GI tract.
7. Central nervous system infections: meningitis caused bv bacteria,
viruses, fungi and protozoa, viral encephalitis, brain abscesses,
tetanus, botulism.
8. Infections of the skin, ear and eye: Etiology, transmission,
diagnosis and prevention.
9. Microbiology of air, water and mild:common pathogens
encountered, methods for microbiological analysis, methods for
purification.
10. Identification of Non-fermenters- Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter,
Stenotrophomonas
11. Commercial kit systems-API,Automated and semi-automated
identification systems-BACTEC,Vitek
12. Quick screening methods, Chromogenic agar media
Bacteriology of Milk, Water and Air
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4
Molecular biology techniques for characterization of microbes and viral agents.
Bacteriological and viral serology.
4. Bacteriological and viral syndromes or diseases:
epidemiology, main clinical signs, basis for biological diagnosis, treatment.
4.1 Meninged syndrome.
4.2 Septicaemic syndrome.
4.3 Urinary and genital infections.
4.4 Bacteriological and viral diarrhoeas.
4.5 Respiratory infections.
4.6 Human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
4.7 Sexually transmitted diseases.
4.8 Hepatic virus infections.
4.9 Cytomegalovirus infections
PRACTICALS
Study of normal flora of human body.
Isolation, characterization and identification of pathogens form various clinical
specimens.
Study of morphological, culture and biochemical characters of common bacterial
pathogens
Study of antibiotic sensitivity of common pathogens.
Study of microbial flora of air in various localities.
Microbial analysis of water.
Microbial analysis of milk.
Procedure of skin clipping for Leprae bacilli.
Preservation of stock culture
Bacteriology of food
PRACTICAL-Immunology
1. Double diffusion technique
2. Radial immuno diffusion
3. Haemagglutination inhibition test
4. Haemagglutination test
5. Latex agglutination test
6. Complement fixation test
7. Immunoelectrophoresis
8. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis
9. FITC conjugation of antibodies
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5
10. Lymphocyte culture
11. Isolation of lymphoid organs in mice
12. RIA demonstration
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
60 Hours
1. History of immunology, innate and aquired immunity, meehanisms of
innate
immunity
inflammation-inflammatory
cells,
mediators,
inflammatory response types, antigens, cells and organs of immune
system, evolution of immunity.
2. Immunoglobulin: Structure and function, classes and subclassCryoglobins, immunoglobulins genes –Organisation and expression,
antibody diversity, class switching, monoclonal antibodies-hybridoma
technique and MAB production, application in biomedical research,
clinical diagnosis and treatment.
3. Immune Response: Clonal selection theory and related theories, primary
and secondary response, humoral and cell mediated response, antigen
processing and presentation, role of accessory molecules, MHC-structure
and role in antigen presentation, MHC genes, maturation activation and
differentiation of B cells and T cells, lymphocyte trafficking, TCRstructure anf generation of diversity, cytokine properties and function,
cytokine receptor, therapeutic uses, ADCC, NK cell regulation of immune
response, advances in the development of vaccines (eg. Haemophilus B
conjugate, Pertusis, Cholera, Malaria, Hepatitis B, Polio, HIV,
Antitumour) adjuvants.
4. Compliment system: function, compliment receptors, activation pathways,
control mechanisms, role in inflammation, kinin cascade, kinnins in
disease.
5. Immunity against bacteria: Virus, Fungi and Parasites.
6. Immunological methods in clinical laboratories: Method interpretation and
application of the following.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
Double diffusion in agar
Single radial immuno diffusion
Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis
Chromatography
Ion exchange
Affinity (gel)
RIA
Elisa
Western blotting
Detection of immune complexes, nephelometry
Immunoflouresence
Agglutination test direct and indirect
Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition
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6
n. Complement assays-CFT
o. Hemolytic assays
p. Detection of cellular immunity-delayed hypersensitivity skin test
q. Assays for lymphocytes-T and B cells
r. Flow cytometry
s. FACS
t. Mixed lymphocyte culture
u. NK cells neutrophil function test
v. Histocompatibility testing
7. Auto Immunity
8. Transplantation Immunity
9. Tumor Immunity
Text books for references:
1. Text book of Microbiology by Ananthnarayan, 6th Edition, Orient Longman
2. Diagnostic Microbiology by Bailey & Scott 11th Edition; Mosby
Medical Microbiology by Greenwood & Slack 16th Edition; Churchill Livinstone
3. The Short Textbook of Medical Microbiology by Satish Gupte 8th Edition; Jaypee
4. Text book of Medical Parasitology by Panikar 5th Edition; Jaypee
5. Colour Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology by Koneman 5th Edition,
Williams Wilkins
6. District Laboratory in Tropical Countries , Monica Cheesbrough 1st Edition,
Cambridge
7. Mackie & Maccarteney Practical Medical Microbiology 14th Edition;
Churchill Livingstone
8. Essential Immunology ,Roitts & Delves 10th Edition; Blackwel Science
PAPER II - VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND
PARASITOLOGY
130 Hrs
- VIROLOGY
( 50 hrs)
1. Systematic study of the following viruses: their biological
properties,
pathogenecity,
epidemiology;
isolation
and
identification from clinical specimens, lab diagnosis, treatment and
immunoprophylaxis against parvoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpes
viruses, pox viruses, Hepatitis viruses, picorna viruses, Rota
viruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, Rubella virus, pabies
virus, papova virus, HIV, Oncogenic viruses.
- MYCOLOGY (20hrs)
2. Systematic study of the following Fungi: Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis
5
7
against superficial mycosis Ptyriasis versicolor, Tinea nigra, Tinea
piedra, Dermatophytes, Subcutaneous mycosis Mycetoma,
Sporotrichosis,
chromoblastomycosis,
Rinosporidiosis,
Lobomyscosis, Systemic mycosis Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis,
coccididiomycosis, paracoccididiomycosis, Oppurtunistic mycosis,
crytococcosis, paracoccididiomycosis, Oppurtunistic mycosisCrytococcosis,
candidiasis,
Aspergillosis,
Zygomycosis,
Keratomycosis and Otomycosis, Allergic fungal diseases,
Mycotoxicosis.
-PARASITOLOGY (60hrs)
3. Study of morphology, important developmental stages, symptoms,
pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention of
following parasites.
Entamoeba histolytica, Naeglaria, Giardia, Trichomonas,
Balantidium, Isospora, Crytosporidium, Malarial parasites,
Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Toxaplasma gondii, Pneumocystis
carinii,
TaeniaEchinococcus,Schistostoma,
Paragonimius,
Diphyllobothrium, Ascaris,Enterobius, Ancylostoma, Trichuris
trichura, Wuchereria, Dracunculus,Trichinella spiralis.
PRACTICALS




Common diagnostic tests used for detection of viral infections.
Identification of fungal pathogens in clinical specimens.
Diagnostic tests for detection of parasitic infections- methods for
demonstration of parasites in clinical specimens
preparation of blood smear for detection of filarial parasites.

.ELISA test HIV & HBsAg
Scheme of Examination
M.Sc. MLT II Year – Paper I (Theory)
SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND
IMMUNOLOGY
THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration : 3 Hrs
Distribution of Marks
Max Marks:100
5
8
Type of questions
No of questions for
each subject
Long Essay
Short Essay
1 (SB), 1(IM)
3 (SB), 1 (IM),
2 (AM )
No. of questions Total Marks
and marks for
each question
2x20
40
06x10
60
SB: Systematic Bacteriology. IM: Immunology. AM: Applied Microbiology
Subject wise distribution as follows:
Systematic Bacteriology – 50
Applied Microbiology
- 20
Immunology
-30
Total- 100
MSc MLT II year- Paper II (Theory)
VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
THEORY EXAMINATION
DURATION:3 hrs
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Max Marks: 100
Type of
questions
No of questions No. of questions and
in each subject marks for each
question
Total
Long Essay
Short Essay
1( P),1(V)
3(P), 1 (V),
2 (M)
40
60
P- Parasitology
V-Virology
Subject wise distribution as follows:
Parasitology - 50
5
9
2x20
06x10
M-Mycology
Virology
Mycology
Total
– 30
- 20
– 100
MSc. MLT II year – Microbiology II (PRACTICAL EXAMINATION)
DURATION :3 days
Max Marks:100
Exercise
Marks
Day 1
1. Liquid Culture / Mixed Culture for identification only
25
2. A specimen with a case history to be given for identification and if necessary
antibiotic sensitivity should also be done (Bacterial / Fungal)
25
3. Media Preparation
10
rd
th
4. Virology – HIV / HBsAg by ELISA method (3 or 4 generation ELISA assays
only applicable and not rapid tests)
10
Day 2
1. Continuation of Liquid Culture / Mixed Culture for identification
2. Continuation of the specimen with a case history to be given for identification
and if necessary antibiotic sensitivity (Bacterial / Fungal)
3. Stool concentration method
10
4. Mycology identification of dermatophyte /yeast culture
10
5. Serology Exercise
10
Day 3
1. Continuation of Liquid Culture / Mixed Culture for identification
2. Continuation of the specimen with a case history to be given for identification
and if necessary antibiotic sensitivity (Bacterial / Fungal)
Total
100
VIVA
50
Grand Total
150
Haematology & Blood Transfusion-II
6
0
Paper I – Heamatology
THEORY
1. General aspects: Blood cell formation,Sites of haemopoiesis. Development of blood cells.
Morphology and Regulation of heaemopoiesis.
2. Red cells – Basic aspects of anaemia definition, patho physiology ,classification and clinical
features. Investigation of a case of anaemia in general.
3. Microcytic hypochromic anaemias
Sideroblastic anemia
Anaemia of chronic infection
Thalassaemia.
Iron deiciency anaemia – Iron metabolism ,causes of iron deficiency, clinical features,
laboratory investigations.
4. Macrocytic Anaemias
Megaloblastic
Non megaloblastic
Megaloblastic anaemia – Etiology, clinical features, laboratory investigation. Pernicious
anaemia.
5. Normocytic normochronic anaemia
Anaemia in systemic disorders
Acute blood loss, Renal failure
Liver disorders etc.
6. Disorders of Haemoglobin
Structure of Hb and Synthesis
Normal and Abnormal haemoglobins
Hamoglobinspathies
7. Haemolytic anaemia
Definition, pathogenesis, classification, clinical features, Extrinsic factors & Intrinsic factors investigation
Laboratory investigations to establish a case of haemolytic anaemia.
1. Peripheral smear – spceific morphologic abnormalities
2.Special tests
6
1
a) Osmotic fragility test
b) Sickling test
c) Kleihaure acid elution test
d) Alkali denaturation test
e) Ham’s test ,
f) Sucrose lysis test
g) Coomb’s test
h) Electrophoresis – HbF, HbA2 estimation
i) Tests for G6PD deficeiency
3. Hemolytic disease of new born – causes and investigations
8. Aplastic anaemia
Pancytopenia.
9. Polycythaemia – classification Clinical features, laboratory investigation
II
Leucocyte disorders
Leukaemoid reaction – type of leukaemoid and diagnosis.
Myelodysplastic syndrome [ MDS ] Definition, clinical features, peripheral
smear and Bone marrow findings.
Leukaemias: Definition, –French- American-British [FAB ] and
World Health Organization- classification of acute leukaemias
Diagnostic criteria , Cytochemical staining and Immunophenotyping
Chronic Leukaemias: classification, Diagnostic criteria .
Myeloproliferative disorders – classification ,Clinical features, laboratory investigations.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia in detail.
Lymphoproliferative disorders.- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in detail.
Plasma cell disorders – classification.
Plasma cell myeloma – definition. Clinical features, laboratory investigations.
Haemorrhagic disorders:
Definition: Pathogenesis, clinical features,
Classification: a. Primary hemostasis, b. secondary hemostasis – causes and investigations of
both.
Fibrinolysis.
6
2
Platelet disorders:
Quantitative – Thrombocytopenia - Idiopathic thromobcytopenic purpura ( ITP )
Classification, clinical featrues, diagnosis and bone marrow findings in ITP.
Qualitative platelet disorders.
Thromobcytosis – Definition ,Etiology,. Lab Investigations
Coagulation disorders – Inherited -Haemophilia A and B, von Willebrand’s disease,
Acquired: Vit. K deficiency, Liver disease, DIC
Investigation of Haemorrhagic disorders.
Tests of vascular and platelet function - Bleeding time, Clot retraction ,Patelet count.
Platelet aggregation studies. Bone marrow examination.
Tests for coagulation disorders: Screening tests- First line tests -Prothrombin time (PT),
Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) Thrombin time (TT)
Second line tests – Mixing experiments.
Coagulation factory assay.
Urea solubility tests for Factor XIII.
Factor VIII inhibitor study.
Fibrinogen assay.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation- Definition, Pathogenesis, laboratory investigations
Thrombotic disorders:
Classification - Inherited and Acquired.
Clinical features, Investigation of thrombotic disorders:
Tests: i. Protein C
ii Protein S,
iii. AT-III
iv Factor V leiden
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: Defintion clinical feature laboratory investigation.
B.M.Examination- Aspiration and Trephin biopsy staining
Automation in haematology
Molecular genetics in hematology
Cleaning of glass ware
6
3
Organization and quality control in the laboratory
Bio medical waste management .
Practicals
1. Staining and Interpretation of Peripheral smears.
2. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia- Peripheral smear, bone marrow Examination , Serum
iron. Serum Total iron bindng capacity [TIBC ] Percentsaturation, Serumferritin,
1
bone marrow. Ironstain .
3.Macrocytic Anaemia- Peripheral smear, bone marrow. Examination, Vit B12 assay,
Folate assay,Schilling Test.
4.
Plasma Hb Estimation
5.
Haemolytic Work up
Peripheral smear – spceific morphologic abnormalities
Special tests
j) Osmotic fragility test
k) Sickling test
l) Kleihauer acid elution test
m) Alkali denaturation test
n) Ham’s test, Sucrose lysis test
o) Coomb’s test
p) Electrophoresis – HbF, HbA2 estimation
q) Tests for G-6PD deficiency
6. Leukaemias: i. Myeloperoxidase
ii. Periodic Acid Phosphatase [PAS]
iii. Sudan Black
iv. Esterase, Non specific esterse
v. Leucocyte alkaline Phsophatase
Immuno Cytochemical Staining.
1. Plasma cell Disorders : Serum Protein Electrophoresis
Urine Electrophoresis
2. Investigation of Haemorrhagic disorders
Test of vascular and platelet function – Bleeding time, Clot retraction, Platelet count.
6
4
Platelet aggregation studies. Bone marrow examination.
Tests for coagulation disordrs:
Screening tests – First line tests- Prothrombin time (PT), Activated partial thromboplastin
time(APTT), Thrombin time(TT), INR.
Second line tests – Mixing experiments.
Coagulation factor assay
Urea solubility tests for Factor XIII
Factor VIII inhibitor study
Fibrinogen assay
3. Thrombotic Work-up
Tests: i. Protein C
ii. Protein S
iii. AT-III
iv. Factor V leiden
4. Antiphospholipid Antibody –work up
5. Bone marrow examination – Preparation of B.M Aspiration and Trephine biopsy smears
staining
6. Organisation and quality control in the laboratory
7. Cleaning of glass ware
8. Bio Medical waste management
9. Preparation of Reagents, Diluting fluids,
Stains – Leishman’s stain
Geimsa stain
M.G.G stain
Recommended Books –Haematology and Clinical Pathology
1. Clinical Haematology
Illustrted – Colour Atls
Victor Hoffbrand, John E Peth’t
2. Practical Haematolgoy – 9th edition Dacie 7 Lewis
6
5
3. Haematology –6th edition – Williams
4. Wintrobe clinical haematology Vol- I - 10th edition
5. Wintrobe clinical haematology Vol- II -10th edition
6.
Lynch’s Medical Lab – Technology Latest edition
7. Clinical Diagnosis & Management – Todd & Sanford 19th edition 1996
8.
Medical Laboratory Technology by Sood 5th edition, Jaypee Brothers 1999
9.
Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice – G.C. Degruchy – 5th edition
Paper II – Blood Transfusion
Theory
Introduction to Immuno Haematology
1. History of Transfusion Medicine
2. Blood groups and genetics
ABO System – ABO sub groups
Bombay group, secretors , non secretors. Rh system – Importance of Rh system
Du red cells (A variant of Rh system)
MNS System – clinical significance
3. Blood transfusion – indications for blood transfusion
4. Blood donation , Donor registration, Donor selection, Blood collection. Adverse donor reaction
5. Anticoagulants used to store blood
Changes occuring in the stored blood
6. Blood group systems – antigen – antibody reaction ,ABO system- Forward grouping
reverse group
7. Rh system Inheritence& nomenclature R h grouping – Rh antigen and antibodies DuVariant
Anti D type of reagents and their application
8. Coomb’s test – Application – DCT, ICT Rh antibody titre
9. Compatibility testing – Major
Minor
Coomb’s cross match
10. Blood components – Indications preparation of blood components
6
6
11 Autologous transfusion
12. Transfusion transmitted disease
13. Haemolytic disease of the new born and exchange transfusion
14.Transfusion Therapy
15. Transfusion in Special Situations-Auto immune haemolytic anaemia
16.Transfusion reactions and investigation of transfusion reaction
17.Transfusion transmitted infections
18. Immunomodulation and graft versus host reactions
19. Haemapheresis-Definition ,Types of pheresis ,Machines and Techniques.
20. Tissue banking
21.Cord blood banking
22. Stem cell processing, storage and transplantation
23..Disposal of wastes and biologically hazardous substance in the blood bank
24.Medico legal aspects of blood transfusion
25.Technical advances and future trends in blood banking
26.Paternity testing
27.Orientation of a routine blood bank
28.Quality Assurance -
General condition
Equipment
Reagents
Donor processing
29.Drugs control regulation and Blood Bank
Practicals
Blood grouping – ABo grouping, Forward grouping (slide & tube method)
Reverse grouping – preparation of pooled A, B & O cells
Grading of Reaction. Other methods of grouping.
AB0 antibody titration, Cold antibody titration.
Rh grouping & Rh typing (slide & tube method)
Du Testing
Rh – antibody titration
6
7
.
Antiglobulin Testing
Direct and Indirect
Preparation of Coomb’s Control Cells.
Compatibility Testing
Selection of blood
Crossmatching Technique – Major, Minor, Saline, Albumin, Coomb’s
Emergency –Cross matches
Blood Collection
Donor selection
Blood collection [Phlebotomy]
Post donation Care
Preservation and Storage of blood
Preparation and Storage of blood Components
Packed Cells ,Fresh Frozen plasma [FFP], Platelet Concentrate, Cryoprecipitate
Component transfusion – selection of blood group
Crossmatching in Special Situations
Exchange transfusion –
selection of blood group
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Investigation of Blood Transfusion reaction
Testing for transfusion Transmitted Diseases
Elisa-HIV,HBsAg ,HCV
VDRL Test
Malaria
Quality control – Methods
Reagents
Test methods
Products
Documents
Equipment
Apheresis procedures - Types of pheresis, Machines and Techniques.
Biomedical Waste mangement - Demonstration
6
8
Record keeping – To be observed
Documentation
Books Recommend for Blood Transfusion
1.
Technical manual – 12th edition – AABB
2. The Clinical use of Blood Handbook, WHO
3.
ABO Rh system – Ortho diagnostics
4. Compatibility testing – Ortho diagnostics
5. Compendium of transfusion medicine, Fr. R. N. Makroo. Ed. 1999
6. Bl ood transfusion in Clinical Medicine - Mollision – 5th edition
7. Blood group Serology, Theory, Techniques, Practical application – K.E.Boorman ,
B.E Dodd, P.J. Lincoln – 5th edition
8.Technical Manual, 12th edition, AABB.
9. Rossi’s Principles of Transfusion Medicine,
Toby L.Simon ,Walter H Dzik,Edward L. Snuder , Christopher P.Stowell
Ronald G.Strauss, 3 rd edition, Lippincott, 2002.
Scheme of Examination
Theory: - There shall be two papers of 3 hrs duration, carrying 100 marks each.
Paper I – Heamatology
Paper II – Blood Transfusion
M.Sc. MLT II Year – Paper I (Theory)
Heamatology
THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration : 3 Hrs
Distribution of Marks
Type of questions
Long Essay
Short Essay
Max Marks:100
No of questions for
each subject
2
6
No. of questions Total Marks
and marks for
each question
2x20
40
06x10
60
M.Sc. MLT II Year – Paper II (Theory)
6
9
Blood Transfusion
THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration : 3 Hrs
Distribution of Marks
Type of questions
Long Essay
Short Essay
Max Marks:100
No of questions for
each subject
2
6
No. of questions Total Marks
and marks for
each question
2x20
40
06x10
60
Practical Examination - Total –100 marks
Day 1
Hematology
1. Spotters (including slides, instruments)
2. Case study of Patient – Drawing blood, preparing film and
interpretation of peripheral smear
3. Hemolytic Anemia workup or
Screening of Hemorrhagic disorders test ( PTT, APTT, TT)
Day 2
Blood Transfusion
1. Blood grouping / typing
or
Rh Typing & Dn testing
2. Coomb’s
- 20 marks
- 20 marks
- 10 marks
-10 marks
- 10 Marks
3. Cross Matching (Any two)
Major, Minor, Saline, Albumin and Coomb’s
4. Charts for interpretation –Haematology
5. Demonstration of Blood collection and selection of donor
6. Charts for interpretation
7
0
- 10 Marks
- 5 marks
- 10 marks
- 5 marks
C. Viva Voce - The Viva Voce exam will carry 50 marks and all the examiners
will conduct the Examination.
Distribution of marks
1. Haematology
– 25 marks
2. Blood Transfusion – 25 mark
SECTION-IV
MONITORING LEARNING PROGRESS
It is essential to monitor the learning progress of each candidate through continuous
appraisal and regular assessment. It not only also helps teachers to evaluate students, but
also students to evaluate themselves. The monitoring be done by the staff of the
department based on participation of students in various teaching / learning activities. It
may be structured and assessment be done using checklists that assess various aspects.
Model Checklists are given in this Chapter which may be copied and used.
The learning out comes to be assessed should include:
i)
Acquisition of Knowledge : The methods used comprise of `Log Book’ which
records participation in various teaching / learning activities by the students. The number
of activities attended and the number in which presentations are made are to be recorded.
The log book should periodically be validated by the supervisors. Some of the activities
are listed. The list is not complete. Institutions may include additional activities, if so,
desired.
Journal Review Meeting (Journal Club): The ability to do literature search, in depth
study, presentation skills, and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed. The assessment
is made by faculty members and peers attending the meeting using a checklist (see Model
Checklist – I, Section IV)
Seminars / Symposia: The topics should be assigned to the student well in advance to
facilitate in depth study. The ability to do literature search, in depth study, presentation
skills and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed using a checklist (see Model
Checklist-II, Section IV)
ii) Teaching skills : Candidates should be encouraged to teach undergraduate medical
students and paramedical students, if any. This performance should be based on
assessment by the faculty members of the department and from feedback from the
undergraduate students (See Model checklist III, Section IV)
iii) Dissertation: Please see checklist IV and V in Section IV.
7
1
iv) Work diary / Log Book- Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record
his/her participation in the training programmes conducted by the department such as
journal reviews, seminars, etc. Special mention may be made of the presentations by the
candidate as well as details of experiments or laboratory procedures, if any conducted by
the candidate.
v) Records: Records, log books and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the
Head of the Department and will be made available to the University.
Log book
The log book is a record of the important activities of the candidates during his training,
Internal assessment should be based on the evaluation of the log book. Collectively, log
books are a tool for the evaluation of the training programme of the institution by
external agencies. The record includes academic activities as well as the presentations
and procedures carried out by the candidate.
Format for the log book for the different activities is given in Tables 1 and 2 of Section
IV. Copies may be made and used by the institutions.
Procedure for defaulters: Every department should have a committee to review such
situations. The defaulting candidate is counseled by the guide and head of the
department. In extreme cases of default the departmental committee may recommend that
defaulting candidate be withheld from appearing the examination, if she/he fails to fulfill
the requirements in spite of being given adequate chances to set himself or herself right.
Format of Model Checklists
Checklist-I : MODEL CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATION OF JOURNAL
REVIEW PRESENTATIONS
Name of the student:
Date:
Name of the faculty/ Observer:
Sl No.
1
2
Items for
observation
during
presentation
Article chosen was
Extent of
understanding of
scope & objectives
of the paper by the
candidate
Poor
0
Below average
1
7
2
Average
2
Good
3
Very Good
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Whether crossreferences have
been consulted
Whether other
relevant references
have been
consulted
Ability to respond
to questions on the
paper /subject
Audio-visuals aids
used
Ability to defend
the paper
Clarity of
presentation
Any other
observation
Total score
Checklist-II :MODEL CHECK LIST FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS
Name of the student:
Date:
Name of the faculty/ Observer:
Sl No.
1
2
Items for
observation
during
presentation
Article chosen was
Extent of
understanding of
scope & objectives
of the paper by the
candidate
Poor
0
Below average
1
7
3
Average
2
Good
3
Very Good
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Whether crossreferences have
been consulted
Whether other
relevant references
have been
consulted
Ability to respond
to questions on the
paper /subject
Audio-visuals aids
used
Ability to defend
the paper
Clarity of
presentation
Any other
observation
Total score
Checklist - III : MODEL CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF TEACHING SKILL
Name of the student:
Date:
Name of the faculty/ Observer:
SL.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Strong Point
Communication of the purpose of the talk
Evokes audience interest in the subject
The introduction
The sequence of ideas
The use of practical examples and /or
illustrations
Speaking style (enjoyable, monotonous,
etc., specify)
Summary of the main points at the end
Ask questions
Answer questions asked by the audience
Rapport of speaker with his audience
Effectiveness of the talk
Uses of AV aids appropriately
7
4
Weak
point
Checklist - IV : MODEL CHECK LIST FOR DISSERTATION / PROJECT WORK
PRESENTATIONS
Name of the student:
Date:
Name of the faculty/ Observer:
Sl
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Points to be
considered
Poor
0
Below average
1
Average
2
Good
3
Very
Good
4
Interest shown in
selecting topic
Appropriate review
Discussion with guide
and other faculty
Quality of protocol
Preparation of
proforma
Total score
Checklist - V : CONTINUOUS EVALUATION OF DISSERTATION / PROJECT
WORK BY GUIDE/ CO-GUIDE
Name of the student:
Date:
Name of the faculty/ Observer:
Sl No.
1
2
3
4
5
Items for
observation
during
presentation
Periodic
consultation with
guide/ co-guide
Depth of Analysis/
Discussion
Department
presentation of
findings
Quality of final
output
Others
Total score
Poor
0
Below average
1
7
5
Average
2
Good
3
Very Good
4
OVERALL ASSESSMENT SHEET
Date:
Check list No.
Name of the students
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
Signature of the HOD
Signature of the Principal
The above overall assessment sheet used along with logbook should form the basis
for certifying satisfactory completion of course of study, in addition to the
attendance requirement.
KEY
Mean score: Is the sum all the scores of checklists 1 to 5
A, B, C : Name of the students
LOG BOOK
Table 1 : Academic activities attended
Name :
Admission Year:
College:
Date
Type of activity, Specific Particulars
Seminar, Journal club,
presentation,
UG
teaching
LOG BOOK
Table 2 : Academic presentations made by the student
7
6
Name :
Admission Year:
College:
Date
Topic
Type of activity, Specific
Seminar, Journal club,
presentation,
UG
teaching
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM REPORT
1. Name of the college imparting M.Sc. MLT PG Program:
2. Details of M.Sc. MLT Program
Sl.
No
Name of the Branch
& Teaching faculty
Sanctioned
Strength
Admitted
Name of the subjects to be
studied at 1st Year M.Sc.
MLT
1
2
3. No. of experiments/assignments conducted for 1st year M.Sc. MLT students
Sl.
No
1.
Branch
Subject
No
Assigned
by
RGUHS
Name
2
7
7
Con
duct
ed
%
Remarks
4. No. of theory classes conducted for 1st year M.Sc. MLT students
Sl.
No
Branch
1.
Subject
RGUHS
Norms
(25)
Con
duct
ed
%
Remarks
No Name
2.
3.
5. Number of theory and practical classes taken by 2nd year M.Sc. MLT students for
under graduate Program (Optional)
6. No. of Journal clubs department wise for 1st year and 2nd year M.Sc. MLT students
Total No. of
students Dept
Wise
1st year M.Sc.
MLT
No.=
2nd year M.Sc.
MLT
No.=
Norms for half
yearly Report
Achieved
Number
% Achievement Remarks
2 per candidate
per year
2 per candidate
per year
7. Number of seminars for 1st year and 2nd year M.Sc. MLT students
Total No. of
students : 10
Norms for half
yearly Report
1st year M.Sc.
MLT
No.=10
2nd year M.Sc.
MLT
No.= 08
2 per candidate
Achieved
Number
2 per candidate
7
8
% Achievement Remarks
8. Number of interdepartmental meetings
Norms for half yearly
Report
1
Achieved
Number
2
%
Achievement
200%
Remarks
Interactive and
productive
9. Number of visits to pharmaceutical industry/research center/hospital for 1st year and
2nd year M.Sc. MLT students
Norms for half yearly
Report
1
Achieved
Number
02
%
Achievement
200
Remarks
Educative & informative
10. Number of guest lectures for postgraduate Program
Norms for half yearly
Report
2
Achieved
Number
03
%
Achievement
150
Remarks
Need focused and
educative
11. Number of research papers published in the year in the college –
12. Any other additional information such as consultancy/collaboration/conducting
Seminars & workshops or attending seminar & workshops or conference.
SECTION-V
ETHICS IN M.Sc. MLT
(Should be taught to the Ist year students of M.Sc. MLT of three branches of
specialization.)
Introduction: With the advances in science and technology and the increasing needs of
the patient, theirs families and community, there is a concern for the health of the
community as a whole. There is a shift to greater accountability to the society. It is
therefore absolutely necessary for each and every one involved in the health care
delivery to prepare themselves to deal with these problems. Technicians like the other
professionals are confronted with many ethical problems.
7
9
Standards of professional conduct for technicians are necessary in the public interest to
ensure an efficient laboratory service. Every technician should not only be willingly to
play his part in giving such a service, but should also avoid any act or omission which
would prejudice the giving of the services or impair confidence, in respect, for technician
as a body.
To accomplish this and develop human values, it is desired that all the students under go
ethical sensitization by lectures or discussion on ethical issues.
Introduction to ethicsWhat is ethics?
General introduction to Code of Laboratory Ethics
How to form a value system in one’s personal and professional life?
International code of ethics.
Ethics of the individualTechnician relation to his job
Technician in relation to his trade
Technician in relation to medical profession
Technician in relation to his profession
Professional EthicsCode of conduct
Confidentiality
Fair trade practice
Handling of prescription
Mal practice and Negligence
Professional vigilance
Research EthicsAnimal and experimental research/ humanness
Human experimentation
Human volunteer research - informed consent
Clinical trials
Gathering all scientific factors
Gathering all value factors
Identifying areas of value – conflict, setting priorities
Working out criteria towards decision
ICMR/ CPCSEA/ INSA Guidelines for human / animal experimentation
Recommended reading
Francis C.M., Medical Ethics, I Edition, 1993, Jay pee Brothers, New Delhi p189.
8
0
Good Clinical Practices : GOI Guidelines for clinical trials on Pharmaceutical Products in
India (www.cdsco.nic.in)
INSA Guidelines for care and use of Animals in Research – 2000.
CPCSEA Guidelines 2001(www.cpcsea.org).
Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects, 2000, ICMR, New
Delhi.
ICMR Guidelines on animal use 2001, ICMR, New Delhi.
SECTION VI
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE,
LABORATORY FACILITIES AND STAFF FOR M.Sc.MLT COURSE
FOR ALL THE THREE BRANCHES.
I. Basic Infrastructure applicable to all three branches:
Institute should have its own Hospital with full fledged Clinical Laboratory or its own
8
1
diagnostic centre or own independent Clinical laboratory provided the above mentioned
facilities fulfill the minimum work load criteria for each of the subject branch mentioned
here under.
Basic Laboratories: 1. Three labs with area of 800sq.ft each
2. One lab for Immunopathology 10x10 sqft
Electricity with back -up
3. One class room with capacity for 30 students measuring 500sq.ft.
4. One departmental Seminar room measuring 250sq.ft for each branch with
A.V aids – OHP,Slide projector and computer with accessories are compulsory.
LCD Projector (optional)
Other infrastructure criteria- Principals room, students common room, staffroom,
Library, office room, Store room, preparation room etc will be as per minimum
criteria. Norms of B.Sc MLT course.
II.
Infrastructure subject wise:
A. Clinical Biochemistry
a. Laboratory equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Chemical Balance/single Pan Balance
Colorimeter
Spectro Photometer
Flame Photometer/ ISE Electrolyte analyzer
pH meter
Chromatography instruments
Electrophoresis unitG
Semi auto analyser
Auto analyser
10. Electro Chemiluminescence / Drug and Harmone analyser (optional)
11. Blood gas analyser
12. Refrigerator
Apart from the above mentioned equipments ,necessary glass ware, kits, chemicals,
as per the syllabus requirements should be made available in adequate quantity.
b. Minimum work load criteria for conducting M.Sc MLT.in Clinical
Biochemistry.
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100 different bio-chemical tests per day [Routine and special tests]
B. Microbiology and Immunology
a. Laboratory equipments
1. Auto clave
-2
2. Hot air oven
-2
3. Incubator
-2
4. Centrifuge
-2
5. Water distillation/Purification unit -1
6. Phmeter
-1
7. B.O.D. Incubator
8. Physical Balance
9. Digital Balance
10. Refrigerator
11. Microscope
12. ELISA reader
-
-1
-1
-1
-3
Monocular 10
Binocular – 5
Dark field Microscope – 1
Fluorescent microscope – 1
-1
13. Electrophoresis unit
-1
14. Anaerobic Jar
-2
15. Micropipettes
-4
16. Pressure cooker
1
17. Laminar air flow
-1
18. Water bath
-2
19. VDRL shaker
-2
20. Deep freezer
-1
Apart from the above mentioned equipments necessary glassware, kits, chemicals as per
the syllabus requirements should be made available in adequate quantity
b.
Minimum work load criteria for conducting M.Sc MLT course in Microbiology
and Immunology
100 different types of samples per day including serological tests
i Serological tests - 50/day
ii Cultures
- 20/day.
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C. HAEMOTOLOGY
a. Laboratory equipments
1. Blood cell counter -
1
2.
Coaggulometer
1
3.
Spectrophotometer
1
4.
Refrigerator – 165 lit
2
5. Hot air oven
2
6. Electronic Balance (Libror)
1
7. Water bath
1
8 Distilled water unit
1
9. Centrifuges
2
10. QBC RM12C
1
11. Becton Dickinson Illuminator
1
12. Centrifuge – Vanguard V6500 1
6cups [Roche Biomedical Lab]
13. Centrifuge – Lab Corp. of America
1
6cups [110v supply]
14. Hb Electrophoresis Machine
1
(Tank, Scanner, monitor Printer, CPU)
15. ELISA reader
1
16. pH meter
1
17. Autoclave
1
18. Microscope – Binocular
10 [One for each
Student ]
19. Haemocytometer
20. Westergren pipette
21. D C counter
22. Calorimeter
23. Urinometer
24. Albuminometer
One per student
One per student
One per student
1
1
1
Apart from the above mentioned equipments necessary glassware, chemicals,kits, should be made
available in adequate quantity.
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b. Minimum work load criteria for conducting M.Sc MLT course- Haematology
100 samples per day Haematology Including Clinical Pathology samples
Haematology samples should include following Special type of investigations
1. Haemolytic work up
2. Coagulation work up
3. Thrombotic work up
4. Bone marrow Aspiration and Trephine biopsy.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
College/Institute should have its own Licensed Blood Bank and should be as per the guide
lines laid down by the drug controller.
BLOOD BANK
a.Laboratory equipments
1. Blood Bank Refrigerator
2
2. Domestic Refrigerator
1
3. Centrifuge – 16 tube capacity
1
8 tube capacity
1
4.Water bath
1
5.Thawing bath
1
6 Microscope
1
7. Photoelectric Colorimeter
1
8. view box
1
9. Weighing Machine
1
10. Hot air Oven
1
11.Elisa Reader with washer
1
12. VDRL Rotator
1
13 .Donor cots with mattress and pillows
2 (ICU cots)
14. Blood collection Monitor
1
15 .Spring Balance
2
16..Deep Freezer
- 300C Horizontal
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5
1
- 700C Horizontal / Vertical
17. Deep Freezer
1
18. Platelet Agitator with Incubator
1
19. Refrigerated Centrifuge
1
20. Laminar Flow
1
21.Tube sealer
2
22.Cobe Spectra Cell Seperator
1
23. Couch
1
24. Automatic component extractor
1
25. Component weighing scale
1
26. Rough Balance
1
27. Oxygen cylinder
1
Optional
b. Minimum work load criteria for conducting M.Sc MLT course in Blood Transfusion
10 -Transfusion per day
30 blood samples/day for- i grouping & typing
ii crossmatching
iii Special Tests – Coomb’s Test [Direct &Indirect ]
ABO antibodyTitre , Cold antibody Titre.etc
Component preparation unit (optional) - However Students should be posted for 1month
to a Blood bank where Component preparation facility is available.
Apart from the above mentioned equipments necessary glassware, chemicals, kits, should be
made available in adequate quantity.
D. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
a. Laboratory equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Refrigerator
Micro oven
Microtome
Hot air oven
Water bath
Coil stove
8
6
7. Cooker – 7.5 ltr
8. Physical balance
9. Binocular Bright field Microscope.
10. Cryostat (optional) in case immunoflurosecsence is required.
Teaching staff requirements applicable for all the branches of M.Sc.
MLT:
Teaching staff should actively involve in teaching the particular subject.
1. Professor - 1
2. Associate Professor - 1 - 5yrs teaching experience
3. Assistant Professor - 1 - 3yrs teaching experience
4. Lecturer - 2 (M.Sc.MLT with one year of teaching experience)
5. Tutors – 2 MBBS, M.Sc.(Medical),M.Sc. MLT
Qualification :
1. MD in respective subject.
2.M.Sc –[only Medical Microbiology/Medical Biochemistry degree acceptable)
 3 yrs experience after M.Sc.
4.Bio-technologist – M.Sc in Biotechnology
Non-Teaching staff -
Bio-technologist – M.Sc in Biotechnology
Senior technician - 1
Junior technician - 2
Peon - 1
ANNEXURE – I
(See Rule 5)
CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
** Waste Category No
Waste Category ** Type
Category No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste:
(human tissues, organs,
parts)
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Treatment a Disposal
** Options
Incineration deep burial
body
Category No. 2
Category No. 3
Category No. 4
Category No. 5
Category No. 6
Category No. 7
Category No. 8
Animal Waste:
(animal tissues, organs, body parts,
carcasses, blooding parts, fluid,
blood and experimental animals
used in research, waste generated
by veterinary hospitals colleges,
discharge form hospitals, animal
houses)
Microbiology & Biotechnology
Waste: (wastes from laboratory
cultures, stocks or specimens or
micro-organisms live or attenuated
vaccines, human and animal
Cell culture used in research and
infectious agents from research
and industrial laboratories, wastes
from production of biologicals,
toxins, dishes and devices used for
transfer of cultures)
Waste sharps:
(needles,
syringes,
scalpels,
blades, glass, etc, that may cause
puncture and cuts. This includes
both used and unused sharps)
Discarded
Medicines
and
Cytotoxic drugs:
(wastes comprising of outdated,
contaminated
and
discarded
medicines)
Incineration deep burial
** Solid Waste:
(items contaminated with blood,
and body fluids including cotton,
dressings, soiled plaster casts,
Eners, beddings, other material
contaminated with blood)
Solid Waste:
(wastes generated form disposable
items other than the waste **
sharps such as tubing’s, catheters,
intravenous sets, etc)
Liquid Waste:
(waste generated from laboratory
and
washing,
cleaning,
housekeeping and disinfecting
activities)
Incineration
Autoclaving
waving
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Local autoclaving
micro
waving
incineration.
/
/
Disinfection (chemical
treatment / autoclaving /
micro –waving and
mutilation / shredding
Incineration / destruction
and drugs disposal in
secured landfills.
/ micro
Disinfection by chemical
treatment, autoclaving /
micro-waving
and
mutilation / shredding
Disinfection by chemical
treatment and discharge
into drains
Category No. 9
Incineration Ash:
(ash from incineration of any
biomedical waste)
Disposal in municipal
landfill
** As per Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) ( Second Amendment) Rules
200, dated 02.06.2000.
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