Download the human body - Sonoma Valley High School

THE HUMAN BODY
Part one: the immune Systems
Unit objectives:
A) After reading the subsection titled ‘nonspecific defenses’ be able to summarize the human body’s nonspecific
defenses. (Pages 957-958)
B) After reading the subsection on inflammatory response (Page 959), explain what phagocytosis is, name two examples
of cells capable of this process, and how histamines aid in this process.
C) Be able to describe the general make-up of the human body’s immune system. Include the structures and organs that
play a role in providing us with immunity to pathogens. (Page 961)
D) Be able to explain how white blood cells called lymphocytes recognize pathogens. (Pages 961-962)
E) Be able to compare and contrast cell – mediated and humoral immune responses. (Pages 963-965)
F) Be able to explain what a vaccination is and its purpose. (Page 966)
VOCABULARY:
Pathogen,Mucous membrane, Inflammatory response, Histamine, Neutrophil, lysozyme
Phagocytes, Interferon, macrophages, Natural killer cells
Part 1 SSG:
1) From Chapter 4 pages 77-78 titled "Plasma Membrane" be able to:
A) Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
B) Explain the difference between peripheral and integral proteins.
C) Explain which of these proteins is important regarding viruses.
2) From Chapter 23 pages 467-468 titled "Biology of Prokaryotes" be able to:
A) Describe the general structure of a bacterial cell.
B) Describe the cell wall of a typical bacterium.
C) Explain why a capsule is important to bacteria.
3) From Chapter 25 pages 484 titled "Viral Size and Structure" be able to:
A) Name the two components of a virus.
B) Explain what an envelope is and its composition.
4) From Chapter 47 pages 957-958 titled "Nonspecific Defenses" be able to:
A) Define the term pathogen.
B) Explain who Robert Koch was and his four postulates regarding pathogens.
C) Explain how the skin is the first of several nonspecific defenses.
D) Explain how mucous membranes function as a nonspecific defense.
E) Explain the role of histamine in the inflammatory response.
F) Describe the symptoms of inflammation.
G) Explain the role of phagocytes and name two examples of phagocytes.
H) Explain why “pus” exists at a site of inflammation.
I) Explain the role of Natural killer cells.
5) From Chapter 47 pages 959-963 titled "Specific Defenses: The Immune System" be able to:
A) Explain the meaning of the term ”specific” regarding the immune system.
B) List several organs of the immune system.
C) Explain the role of the thymus gland and the spleen regarding the immune system.
D) Name the white blood cell of the immune system.
E) Compare and contrast the two types of lymphocytes.
F) Explain how lymphocytes recognize a pathogen.
G) Explain the term “antigen” and describe several examples.
6) From Chapter 47 pages 963-966 titled "Immune Response" be able to:
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
Compare and contrast cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response.
Explain how a macrophage starts the immune response.
Explain what the T cells do in the cell-mediated immune response.
Explain the role of helper (aka suppressor) T cells.
Explain what antibodies do to an antigen or pathogen.
Explain why memory cells are said to be part of the secondary immune response.
7) From Chapter 47 pages 966-969 titled "Immunity & Vaccination" be able to:
A) Explain what a vaccine is and how they function.
B) Explain what happens when a person suffers from an allergy.
C) What happens when a person suffers from an autoimmune disease?
Part two: the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Unit objectives:
A) Be able to describe how the nervous system and endocrine system allows communication between different
parts of the body and the body's interactions with the environment. (Pages 1010 – 1013, 1031, & 1041)
B) Be able to describe how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body.
(Pages 1041-1042)
C) Be able to describe the functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical
impulses. (Pages 1005-1008)
D) Be able to describe the roles of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and
response. (Pages 1013-1015)
E) Be able to describe how hormones (including digestive, reproductive, osmoregulatory) provide internal feedback
mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms.
(Pages 1039)
VOCABULARY:
Dendrite, Action Potential, Resting Potential, Voltage Gated Channels, Axon
Synapse, Refractory Period, Sodium-Potassium Pump, Myelin Sheath, Neurotransmitter, Nodes of Ranvier
Part 2 SSG:
1) After reading page 1005 titled “Neuron Structure”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Describe the structure and function of dendrites, cell body, and axon.
Describe the location and role of the myelin sheath.
Explain how Schwann Cells and Nodes of Ranvier cause the impulse to move at 90 M. / Sec.
Explain the role of neurontransmitters in allowing an impulse to bridge a synaptic cleft.
Explain what is meant by the terms “neural circuits”.
2) After reading pages 1006-1008 titled “Nerve Impulses”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Explain the differences between a resting potential and action potential regarding charges.
Explain where greater concentration of Na+ and K+ ion can be found in a resting potential.
Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining a resting potential.
Explain why voltage gated channels allow Na+ in and K+ out of the neuron causing an action potential.
Describe what cannot happen during the refractory period.
3) After reading pages 1008-1009 titled “Neurotransmitter Function”, be able to;
A) Contrast presynaptic neuron (membrane) with post synaptic neuron (membrane).
B) Describe the role of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters.
4) After reading page 1010titled “Organization”, be able to;
A) Explain why the neuron is said to be basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system.
B) Contrast the central nervous system with the peripheral nervous system.
C)Contrast efferent and afferent neurons regarding their function in the nervous system.
D)Describe the role of the nervous system and how it compares to the endocrine system and
hormones.
5) After reading pages 1010-1013 titled “Brain” and completing the brain lab, be able to;
A) Be able to describe the location and function of the parts of the brain listed on the lab sheet.
6) After reading page 1013-1014 titled “Spinal Cord”, be able to;
A) Contrast white matter with gray matter as it is found in the brain and spinal cord.
B) Explain how the peripheral nervous system connects to the spinal cord.
C)Explain the number of spinal nerves.
D) Contrast sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons (association neurons) regarding function.
7) After reading pages 1013-1014 titled “Peripheral Nervous System”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Describe the role of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Describe the role of the motor division of the PNS.
Contrast the roles of the somatic N.S and autonomic N.S. of the motor division of the PNS.
Explain how a spinal reflex such as the “knee jerk” reflex takes place.
Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems oppose each other.
8) After reading pages 1031-1033 & 1041-1042 “Endocrine System”, be able to;
A) Define endocrine glands and explain the role of amino acid based and steroid based hormones.
B) Define feedback systems and contrast negative with positive feedback systems.