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Cell Cycle Notes I. Chromosomes: thread-like structures of DNA and histones (protein) forming a unit called a nucleosome A. Chromatid: 2 sister chromatids make up a chromosome B. Centromere: attaches 2 chromatids C. Chromatin: unraveled DNA D. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total (diploid/2n) II. The Cell Cycle: A. somatic (body) cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form 2 identical daughter cells Consists of 2 phases: Interphase (G1 S G2) + Cell Division (M) B. Interphase – phase between mitosis, 90% of the time that elapses “Gap”1 – cell growth & assembly of carbs, lipids, and proteins “Synthesis” – DNA replication “G”2 – prep for mitosis 1. Proteins and organelles are made during all 3 stages 2. Nuclear envelope is well-defined C. Cell Division (M) – division of nucleus (mitosis) & cytoplasm (cytokinesis) mitosis Prophase: longest phase of M; chromosomes coil and become visible while the nuclear membrane breaks down centrioles: separate and move to opposite poles organizing the mitotic spindle spindle fibers: microtubules attach to centromere and move sister chromatids at a site called the kinetochore Metaphase: chromatids line up on the cell equator and centrioles are at opposite poles Anaphase: chromosomes move to opposite poles as spindles pull on centromere Telophase: 2 new nuclei form and nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm