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Oracle at Delphi Topics • The Persian Wars. • The Golden Age of Athens. • The Peloponnesian War. The Persian Wars • Cyrus conquers Asia Minor, gains Greek city-states on west coast. (Ionia). • Ionians didn’t mind. • Darius increases their taxes. • The Greek city-states revolt, lead by the city of Miletus. • Miletus appeals to all Greece. • But only Athens and Eretria respond. • By 494 BC, Miletus is destroyed. All put into slavery. • To punish Athens and Eretria, Darius invades Greece. • Darius destroys Eretria. • Darius invades Attica. • Darius lands at Marathon. • Big battle at Marathon. • Runner runs 26 miles back to Athens to tell of Greek victory. • Historic victory of a small free city-states against an empire. • Turning point of history. • Athens had saved their freedom. • Darius dies in 480 BC. • Xerxes takes the throne. • Xerxes leads a huge army and navy to conquer Greece. • His Army is forced to march through a narrow pass called Thermopylae. • A small force of Spartans (300) personally lead by their king Leonidas holds the pass for several days against 200,000 Persians. • They were betrayed by a Greek and conquered from behind. • All the Spartans fought to the death. • The Persians march through the pass and conquered Athens. • However, the Spartans gain the Greeks time to prepare. • The Athenian navy lures the Persian navy into a trap at Salamis. • Greek ships were smaller than the Persian’s ships. Easier to maneuver. • Xerxes leaves a powerful army in Greece, goes home. • The next year (479 BC), a combined Greek army destroys the Persians. • The century after the war is the greatest period of Greek history. • The Persian Empire was still powerful, and interfered with Greek affairs for another 150 years. • But they never invaded. The Golden Age of Athens • The combined Greek armies created the Delian League. • 140 city-states, lead by Athens, joined the league. • Athens soon transformed the league into an empire of its own. • The power of Athens kept the Persians out. • But the 139 other city-states lost their freedom to Athens. • The Parthenon in Athens was financed by other members of the league. • Pericles gains power in Athens. • Direct democracy is at its height in Athens. • Pericles is a great speaker and politician. • The Age of Pericles. • One citizen one vote. • The Council of Five Hundred still controlled the assembly. • Every year, 1000 public officials were chosen to run the empire administration. • Athenians began to pay their public officials. • Judges were paid too. The Peloponnesian War. • Many city-states want their freedom from Athens. • Sparta becomes the leader of city-states against Athens. • In 432 BC, the group of city-states declares war against Athens. • Sparta makes the first move. • Sparta attacks farms and villages in Attica. • Athenians withdraw behind their huge defensive wall. • Spartan lay siege to Athens. • A plague breaks out in Athens. • A group of aristocrats takes control of Athens. • But there is a revolt and democracy again takes control. • This weakens Athens. • In 404 BC, Athens surrenders. • Athens becomes a second rate power. End • Know the following terms ... • Xerxes • Leonidas (Spartan King) • Delian League • Pericles • Marathon • Peloponnesian War • • • • • • • • • • • Explain and describe each term as much as possible.. 1. Salamis 2. Pathos 3. Logos 4. Ethnos 5. Xerxes 6. Leonidas 7. Delian League 8. Pericles 9. Marathon 10. Peloponnesian War