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Unit 8: World War I Guided Notes
Introduction
“It was ‘The War To End All Wars’… a senseless slaughter that
set the stage for the bloodiest century in human history. Yet, it
was more than just a war between nations. It was a war
between what was and what was to be. The ‘old world’ was
dying, and the ‘new world’ had yet to be born. People of all
classes and nations saw it as some great cleansing fire that
would accelerate this battle and lead to a better world. But,
when it was over, more than men had died in the mud of the
battlefields. The naive dreams of progress, along with the
innocence of the pre-war world, faith in God, and hope in the
future all died in the trenches of Europe.” – Tony Novosel
The _________________________ (1914-1918) was one of the most
violent and destructive wars.
Of the ______ million men who fought, more than ______ million
were killed and more than ______ million wounded.
World War I was between the ________________ and
________________________________.
The Allies included:
(1) ______________________________________________
(2) ______________________________________________
(3) ______________________________________________
(4) ______________________________________________
(5) ______________________________________________
(6) ______________________________________________
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The Central Powers included:
(1) ______________________________________________
(2) ______________________________________________
More countries joined later:
_____________________________… Allies
_____________________________… Allies
_____________________________… Allies
_____________________________… Central
_____________________________… Central
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Location
Most fighting took place along 2 areas:
__________________ Front in Europe
__________________ Front in Russia
There was additional fighting in the ___________________________
and in the __________________.
Weapons
The _______________________________________________ (6-10
aimed shots per minute) was the main gun.
The ________________________________________ could fire 200-250
shots per minute.
The __________________, the hand grenade, ___________, huge
cannons, and ____________ were also used.
War at Sea
Germany introduced ______________________________.
They were called ________________________________ (“undersea
boats” or U-boats).
Both sides used _______________________.
War in the Sky
__________________________ were first used in large numbers.
Initially, airplanes were used for ______________________________
and for directing artillery fire.
Later, airplanes were equipped for __________________.
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At first, bombs were dropped by ________________.
Later, heavier aircraft were developed, and
___________________________ made them more accurate.
Combat between planes was known as
“________________________________”.
Led by _____________________________________________________,
better known as the “________________________________”,
the Germans ruled the sky.
He was later shot down by a ___________________________.
Yea Canada!
The Allies retook the advantage in the air by 1916.
The Germans did use other aircraft.
Their dirigible _____________________ raided London _____ times.
Trench Warfare
____________________ lined the Western and Eastern Fronts.
Closest thing to being ________________________.
All you could see… day in and day out… was ________________
and the __________ above.
Between trenches was “____________________________________”,
filled with craters and _________________________.
Going “_______________________________” referred to charging
out of the trenches.
Senseless slaughter for ________________ at a time.
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Background Information
When WWI broke out, it ended almost ________ years of relative
peace in Europe.
In 1815, the ______________________________ (1799-1815) ended.
Napoleon was defeated by a coalition of _______________,
_______________, _______________, and _______________.
These countries held a peace conference known as the
______________________________________.
The Congress believed the key to peace was by
_____________________________________________ to deter
any one of them from seeking ________________________.
________________________________ would prove to be a problem
to this plan.
What is nationalism?
(1) _________________________________________________________.
(2) _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
During 19th Century, 2 new countries were created due to
nationalism… which threatened the “balance of power”
in Europe.
(1) ________________, which beat Austria in 1861 for its
independence.
(2) ________________, which beat France in 1871 and formed a
country.
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The German leader __________________________________________
wanted to preserve (NOT expand) Germany in Europe.
To achieve this goal, he set out to isolate __________________,
which hated Germany after losing the
______________________________________________.
After the Franco-Prussian War, France was forced to give
Germany __________________ and __________________.
France, however, always wanted it back… and this would
become their __________________________ at the start of
WWI.
Bismarck made sure the other European powers did not feel
________________________ by Germany.
To do so, he crafted a network of ___________________ with all of
the other European powers… except __________________.
He formed a friendship with Britain by not building a large
____________ that would threaten _______________
dominance on the high seas.
Everything was perfect… until Bismarck __________________ as
Chancellor in 1890.
German ______________________________________ soon
abandoned Bismarck’s cautious foreign policy.
He wanted to make Germany a _____________________________.
This raised some eyebrows throughout Europe.
When Wilhelm refused to renew Germany’s treaty with
______________, the ______________ joined up with Russia.
Why?
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Should there be a war in ________________, this would force
Germany to fight a _______________________________.
Wilhelm also decided that Germany must become a great
_________________ power.
This upset the _________________.
Germany’s ______________________ would later dominates the
high seas during WWI.
If you’re keeping score:
___________________… pissed at Germany.
___________________… pissed at Germany.
___________________… pissed at Germany.
Essentially… your ______________.
Britain, France, and Germany now had a common interest of
_________________________ Germany.
In 1907, all 3 established a alliance called the
______________________________ (later renamed “Allies”
when more joined).
An attack on “________”… would be an attack on “_________”.
With tensions rising, many countries began competing in a
costly _________________________.
All of the powers (except Britain) used a ____________.
Britain still used _________________________.
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The Start of the War
Ironically, Germany did __________ provoke the start of WWI.
An _________________________ in the __________________
______________________ started it.
The Peninsula was known as the “_________________________ of
Europe”.
Europe had many ___________________ in the Balkans.
Russia needed an outlet to the ______________________________
Sea.
Germany wanted a ________________ to
_____________________________ for trade.
______________ and ______________ had the same
______________ nationalities, but Bosnia had been taken
by ____________________________________.
Serbia hoped Bosnia would break away and join them.
_____________________________ was about to explode the
“powder keg”.
On June 28, 1914, the streets of ________________ were jammed
with people.
Sarajevo was the _________________ of Bosnia.
The people wanted to see Archduke _________________________
_____________________ and his wife _______________.
The Archduke was a _______________ of Austria’s Emperor
_______________________________ and the ______________
to the throne.
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Ferdinand had been invited to Sarajevo to help direct the army
stationed there.
________________________________, a 19-year-old Serbian, would
change history.
He was a member of a group called the “___________________”.
They were devoted to Serbian nationalism and wanted to
________________________________________, including
those living in Bosnia, into a _________________ country.
Princip shot Ferdinand in the _______________ and his wife in the
__________________.
Both died.
Princip was sentenced to _______ years in prison… where he
died of __________________________.
The assassination set off a ______________________________ crisis.
Austria-Hungary saw the assassination as a “golden
opportunity” to ___________________________ once and
for all.
On July 3rd, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
One thing got in the way…
The ___________________________________.
Like a series of ____________________, countries were pulled into
the war when their __________ entered the conflict.
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Here’s how it falls apart…
___________________ saw itself as a protector of Slovaks, so sides
with _________________.
Austria-Hungary by itself was no match for Russia, so on August
1st, __________________ declares war on ________________.
On August 3rd, _____________________________________________.
On August 4th, _____________________________________________.
On August 5th, _____________________________________________.
On August 6th, _____________________________________________.
Phase I – The Western Front
Germany followed the “_____________________________________”
(devised by Alfred von Schlieffen).
This called for Germany to concentrate about ________ of its
forces against France at the start of a European war.
Take _____________. End war. Simple.
They would leave ________ to contain the Russians, who could
be dealt with once Germany achieved a
_________________________ in the west.
This relied on Germany moving quickly through _______________
en route to France.
On August 4, 1914, German soldiers invaded Belgium,
beginning the _________________________________________
(August 4-16, 1914).
The battle resulted in surprisingly __________________________
upon the German invasion forces and
_____________________________ considerably.
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However, the Germans had huge cannons that could fire
_____________-pound shells a distance of over _____ miles.
The terrifying new weapon was dubbed
“______________________”.
Using these guns, they _________ and continued toward France.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF LIEGE: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
The first bloody battles between ________________ and
________________ occurred in a series of _____ struggles
fought at the same time.
It was called the ____________________________________________.
Underestimating the effects of _______________________________,
the French commanders sent their troops (in their
Napoleonic uniforms of ____________________ and
____________________) up against German
_____________________________.
The results were ____________________.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF THE FRONTIERS: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
With Germany threatening Paris, France and Britain attack.
Results in the ________________________________________________.
Troops were rushed to the battle in ____________ from Paris.
The battle, dubbed “________________________________________”
by France, is one of the most pivotal battles…
_________________________.
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The battle destroyed Germany’s plan for a
___________________________ over France.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
1st BATTLE OF THE MARNE: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
With the failure of the German offensive, both sides began the
“______________________________________”, an attempt to
__________________ each other by getting to the
_____________________ coast first.
As they went, each army constructed a series of
_________________________.
The _____________________________________ is the result of all this.
Battle is halted when Belgian troops deliberately _____________
the field.
By November, the Allies held their ground… and the battle
ended in heavy ____________ and ____________.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
1st BATTLE OF YPRES: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
Phase I – The Eastern Front
Meanwhile… in the East:
Germany ________________ to win quickly in France because
they didn’t have many soldiers to fight _______________.
Turns out, Russia wouldn’t be that big of a threat.
In fact, they simply ______________.
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Case in point:
Battle of ___________________________…
Battle of ___________________________…
Russians prove they are ____________________________,
____________________________, and used
____________________________.
That’s not good.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF TANNENBERG & 1st BATTLE OF MASURIAN LAKES:
Put this info in your Battles Chart.
Phase I – The Balkans
Hungry for action, _________________________ sends ________ of
its forces to destroy _____________.
One problem…
_____________ wins.
__________________ will have to carry the Central Powers.
Phase I – The War at Sea
In the war at sea, the British and German battle fleets soon
confronted each other.
At the ________________________________________________, the
British whip up on Germany’s fleet.
Germany’s _______________ aren’t as effective as they had
hoped.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF HELIGOLAND BIGHT:
Put this info in your Battles Chart.
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With superiority at sea, Britain implemented a
__________________________ of Germany.
Initially meant to keep ________________________ from Germany.
Later turned into an attempt to ______________________________
______________________________________________________.
____________________ Germans starve to death because of the
blockade.
In return, Germany starts using its U-boats to sink supply ships
heading for Britain.
U-boat attacks claim _________________ lives.
Why are Germans seen as “bad guys”?
U-boat attacks were easily _______________________ in the
____________________________ that reached the U.S.
Lots of the news was _______________________________ to stir
__________________________________ of Germany.
Phase I – More Countries Join
________________ joins the Allies in August 1914 in hopes of
taking Germany’s possessions in ______________ and the
_________________.
Since Germany was already fighting a _________________ war in
Europe, it could not spare resources to defend its far
flung holdings in Asia.
In October 1914, the ____________________________ joins Central
Powers.
Officials in London and Paris were concerned having to fight
an _________________ state.
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Why?
_______________, or holy war.
After the Ottomans entered, jihad was declared.
This meant Muslims everywhere were supposed to
______________ and “_________________________________”.
It didn’t happen. Instead, many _________________ saw the war
as a chance to _____________________ from the Ottoman
Empire.
Phase I – The Christmas Truce
There was an “unofficial” _______________ in 1914.
Just after ________________ on _______________________________,
a majority of the German troops stationed in Ypres,
Belgium stopped firing their guns and artillery.
They _________________________ the area around their trenches.
__________________ were put on tree limbs and stuck in the mud
around the trench.
________________________________ were also sung.
At certain points along the front, ________________________
joined the Germans in their joyous _____________________.
Not to be outdone, the British across from the Germans
responded by singing _________________________________.
At the first light of dawn, some Germans emerged and
approached the Allied lines across the feared “No Man’s
Land”.
They called out “_________________________________” in their
enemies’ __________________________________.
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At first, some Allied soldiers suspected it to be a ______________.
Soon, they climbed out and ________________________, too.
The men exchanged ___________________, ___________________,
___________________, _______________, and
____________________________.
“Hello ________________!” and “Hello _______________!” could be
heard as they used the ________________________
ascribed to each other.
The artillery in the region fell silent, and _______________________
took place both sides mourned the dead ______________.
This truce spread to other areas of the lines.
There were cases a “good-natured game” of ________________.
The game ended when the ball struck a strand of
__________________________ and _______________________.
Letters home confirmed the score of the game to be…
____________
In favor of __________________.
In some places, soldiers who had been _________________ gave
____________________________.
One German, a _________________, gave a performance in the
center of “No Man’s Land”.
One British veteran, Alfred Anderson recalled the truce…
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“I remember the silence, the eerie sound of silence. Only the
guards were on duty. We all went outside the farm buildings
and just stood listening. And, of course, thinking of people back
home. All I’d heard for two months in the trenches was the
hissing, cracking, and whining of bullets in flight, machinegun
fire, and distant German voices. But there was a dead silence
that morning, right across the land as far as you could see. We
shouted ‘Merry Christmas’, even though nobody felt merry. The
silence ended early in the afternoon and the killing started
again. It was a short peace in a terrible war.”
In some parts, the truce lasted until midnight on Christmas
_______________.
In others, it lasted until _______________________________________.
Captain J.C. Dunn, told of how hostilities re-started.
Dunn wrote…
“At 8:30pm, I fired three shots in the air and put up a flag with
‘Merry Christmas’ on it, and I climbed on the parapet. He [the
Germans] put up a sheet with ‘Thank you’ on it, and the
German Captain appeared on the parapet. We both bowed
and saluted and got down into our respective trenches, and
he fired two shots in the air, and the War was on again.”
This truce came only ______ months after the outbreak of the
war.
British commanders Sir John French and Sir Horace Smith
Dorrien vowed that no such truce would be
__________________________.
Sadly, for the rest of the war, ________________________________
were ordered _______ Christmas Eve to ensure that there
were no further ____________ in the combat.
One German soldier felt such ______________________ should not
exist during war.
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The soldier was…
___________________________.
The “Christmas Truce” of 1914 is the last example of the
outdated notion of _____________________ in warfare.
It _____________________________________________.
Otto Dix – One Messed Up Dude
____________________________ was a German __________________
whose works depict the ________________ of WWI.
Dix was a _________________________________ in the German
Army from 1915-1918.
__________ helped him cope.
Phase II – Stalemate
The year 1914 ended with the “Christmas Truce”… and still no
clear ___________________.
Trench warfare had turned into ______________________.
____________________________________ for “little gain” would
again be the norm in 1915.
The battles in 1915 followed the same futile pattern.
1st… _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
2nd… ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
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3rd… ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
The ______________________________________________ in France
in 1915 was a perfect example of this futility.
British troops managed to take over _______________ yards…
but suffered _____________________ casualties.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF NEUVE CHAPELLE: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
There was one attempt to break the stalemate.
During the Second Battle of Ypres, Germany used ________ for
the first time.
The ____________________ gas hit _______________ troops,
__________ of whom died within _______ minutes.
Those who lived were temporarily ______________________.
Germany, however, had put ______________________ in its new
weapon and was _______________________ to exploit the
success.
They gained ___________________________.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
2nd BATTLE OF YPRES: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
Britain opened a new front by invading the ___________________
___________________ in March 1915.
They knew that a successful here would give them a
____________________________________________________________.
Could give Germany a ___________ front if it tried to help out.
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WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
Early in 1916, Germany felt it was time to mount an offensive
against France.
Germany was convinced that it didn’t need to worry about
___________________ any longer.
They were right.
Germany picked the city of _________________ to attack.
They knew the French, for ___________________ reasons, would
“throw in every man they have” to keep Verdun.
Germany hoped France would be “_________________________
__________________________”.
The _____________________________________ began with a
German assault that took ________ miles of territory.
The French later _________________________________ almost all
the ground lost.
The front returned to a ______________________ that had existed
since before the battle.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF VERDUN: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
If the world was made speechless by Verdun, it would be
_______________________________ by the next major battle.
In order to help take the pressure off the French at Verdun,
Britain attacked along the _____________________________.
The First Battle of the Somme would dub Britain’s New Army as
the “_______________________________________”.
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On the __________________, they suffered ________________
casualties (including ________________ deaths) for a gain
of a few _____________.
After the Allies succeeded in taking 7.5 miles territory, the battle
lapsed into _________________________… again.
However, it was during this battle that the British gave the
_____________ its first trial in combat.
While the German soldiers fled in panic at the sight of the new
machines, most of them became
____________________________ or came to a ___________
because of _________________________________________.
By 1918, however, the tank helped to _________ the deadlock.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
BATTLE OF THE SOMME: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
Phase III – The Tide Turns
By 1917, the stalemate was broken and the tide turned.
Britain found a way to ________________ Germany’s U-boats.
The __________________________________________________ forced
Russia to “quit”.
The ___________ joined the Allies.
The British began using the ______________________________ to
get around Germany’s U-boats.
In this system, merchant ships sailed ___________________ and
were escorted by ____________________.
This forced U-boats to ________________ themselves to attack.
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Soon, the Allies were destroying submarines __________________
______________________________________________________.
Although the submarine campaign continued into 1918, it was
no longer a deadly threat.
This accomplishment was soon overshadowed by a ___________
problem.
Russia was in ______________________ and signed a treaty to
_______________________________________________ in WWI.
Why was this a concern for the Allies in the West?
Here’s what went wrong in Russia in 1917…
(1) _________________________________________________________.
(2) _________________________________________________________.
(3) _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
A “_____________________” Revolution (which actually occurred
in _________________ in the Gregorian calendar), forced
Czar Nicholas to ____________________.
Nicholas and his family, including little ________________________,
were __________________________________________.
Russian soldiers soon joined ___________________ demonstrations
led by the ______________________________________.
Under _____________________________________ and
_____________________________________, the Russian
Government was toppled in the “_________________”
Revolution (occurred in November).
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Once in power, the Bolshevik leader Lenin sent delegates to
negotiate a treaty with Germany.
Russian _____________________ from the war in March 1918.
Russia remains ________________________ until December 25,
___________.
Luckily for the Allies, the ______________ enters and fills the
“____________” left by Russia.
But, it took the U.S. _______ years to decide to do so.
In 1914, most Americans preferred to follow a foreign policy of
____________________________.
The U.S. public was ___________________ on what side to join.
_________________ immigrants hated ___________________
because England controlled Ireland.
_________________ immigrants wanted to support their
_____________________.
There was a general ________________________ toward
___________________ by many Americans.
England = ___________________
The _____________ made Central Powers look ___________.
U-boats seen as “__________________”.
Two events helped convince the U.S. to join the Allies:
(1) _________________________________________________________.
(2) _________________________________________________________.
WWI would be America’s first ____________ test in foreign war.
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On May 7, 1915, the British passenger liner ____________________
was sunk by a U-boat.
_________________ were killed (including __________ Americans).
Germany defended its actions and said the liner was carrying
___________________________.
The _______________________________________________ was a
___________________ sent from ______________________ to
the German Ambassador in ____________________.
Intercepted by the British.
The telegram suggested an ____________________ between
Mexico and Germany.
The note promised that if Mexico _____________________________
on the U.S., when Germany won, Germany would force
the U.S. to give ________________, ______________________,
and _______________________ back to Mexico.
Mexico _______________ declared war.
The U.S. had had enough.
President ____________________________________________________
delivered his war resolution to Congress, who declared
war on April 6, 1917.
In it he said that “____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.”
The U.S. chose General ______________________________________
_____________________________ to command.
Congress issued a _____________. “___________________________”
were sold to help finance the war.
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______________________ & ___________________Acts were passed.
Espionage Act prohibited espionage (____________________)
and provided penalties for such an activity.
As amended in 1940 and 1970, it is ___________________________
__________________________________.
An amendment to the law, called ___________________________
passed in 1918 (repealed in 1921).
It forbade _______________ or _______________ attacks on the
U.S. ________________________, ________________________,
or ______________.
The Espionage and Sedition Acts led to _______________ arrests,
_______________ trials, ____________ prison sentences, and
curtailed freedom of the press.
The 1919 case _______________________________________________
questioned the constitutionality of the acts.
Supreme Court ruled that unpatriotic speech and publications
were _________________ ONLY if they constituted a
“_____________________________________________________”
to national security.
Ex: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
While the Allies awaited the arrival of U.S. soldiers and aid, the
war continued to be one horrific battle after the another.
Germany was running out of ____________… and _____________.
WAIT!!! BATTLE INFO!
SEVEN DIFFERENT BATTLES: Put this info in your Battles Chart.
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Phase IV – The End
The ability of the _________________________ to hold out for _____
days against the ______________________ in the Argonne
Forest crushed the German ________________.
One-by-one, the Central Powers _____________________________
beginning with _____________________.
On November 11, 1918, at 11:00am, hostilities on the Western
Front officially _________________________________________.
The end of WWI on the “____________________________________
______________________” is now ________________________.
President Wilson advocated a _______________________________
toward Germany.
Wilson outlined his ideas in his ________________________________.
Allied leaders were __________________ with Wilson and wanted
to _____________ Germany.
Delegates from all of the “_____________________” Allied
countries (except ________________) met in _____________,
France, in January 1919 to draft the peace treaties.
The end result was the terrible, terrible, terrible Treaty of
________________________.
In the end, Germany was ____________________________________
and was forced to:
(1) __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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(2) __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(3) __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(4) __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Is there any wonder this treaty causes WWII?
Only ______ of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was used…
The formation of the ________________________________________.
It was like a stripped-down, weaker version of the
________________________________.
The U.S. ________________ ratified the Treaty of Versailles.
The U.S. signed a __________________ peace treaty with
Germany (Treaty of ________________) in 1921.
FYI… the U.S. __________________________ the League of Nations.
The Legacy of World War I
The cost of the “war to end all wars” was nightmarish.
______ million died in combat.
______ million died of misc.
______ million were wounded.
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Over ______ million were left permanently disabled.
Entire generation… _______________.
Allied KIA was:
1,700,000
________________________…
1,385,000
________________________…
908,000
________________________…
116,516
________________________…
60,000
________________________…
Central Powers KIA was:
1,800,000
________________________…
1,200,000
________________________…
336,000
________________________…
101,000
________________________…
% casualties for all armies:
France…
________
Austria-Hungary… ________
Bulgaria…
________
Russia…
________
Germany…
________
Britain…
________
Ottoman Empire… ________
Italy…
________
U.S.A.…
________
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Total $$$ for war:
______________________… $38 billion
______________________… $35 billion
______________________… $24 billion
______________________… $22 billion
______________________... $22 billion
______________________… $20 billion
The _____________________________________ of Europe crumbled.
The _________________, ______________________________,
________________, and the ______________________________
were gone for good.
Adolf Hitler, a WWI vet, ____________________________________…
THE END!
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