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Biology 1st Semester Study Guide
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Define the following terms and give an example of each:
Observation
Hypothesis
Data
Theory
Conclusion
Experiment
2. How are the experimental and control group related?
3.
A. At what temperature is the rate of photosynthesis the
greatest?
B.Explain how you came to this conclusion.
C.What is the independent and dependent variable?
4.
PLANT
1
2
3
4
5
6
A.
B.
C.
D.
TREATMENT
Water w/
Megagrow
Water w/
Megagrow
Water w/
Megagrow
Water Only
Water Only
Water Only
DAY 30
NUMBER OF BLOSSOMS
DAY 35
DAY 40
DAY 50
7
15
23
25
9
21
24
26
6
18
21
22
0
3
2
0
6
6
3
10
9
5
11
13
Which plants represent the control group?____________
What is the independent variable? ____________________
What is the dependent variable? ____________________
Plant # 4’s data is out of line with regards to the other data. What do we do with this data?
E. How could this study be improved?
5. Define the following words:
Independent variable
dependent variable
controlled variables
biology
6. What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
7. How many independent variables are tested in an experiment and why?
8. What variable goes on the Y-axis and X-axis?
What is a good title for a graph?
When would you want to use a bar graph?
CHEMISTRY
9. a. What is the smallest particle all matter is made of?
b. List the subatomic particles, their location, and their charges.
c. What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
10. a. What is a catalyst?
b. What acts as a catalyst in cells?
c. How do they speed up a reaction?
d. What is activation energy?
e. What would happen if your body did not have this catalyst?
f. What factors affect how well an enzyme works?
g.Explain the lock and key model and how it relates to enzymes.
11. a. What is the chemical formula for water?
Describe the polar charge on a water molecule.
b. What type of bond holds water molecules together?
c. Define the following water properties: adhesion and cohesion
12. Fill in the table below for acids, bases, and neutral substances.
Substance
Number Hydrogen ions versus
hydroxide ions (OH)
pH scale value
Acid
Base
Neutral
13. Explain reactants and products in a chemical equation.
14. What is special about the element carbon and its electrons?
15. What do all organic compounds have in common?
16. List the 4 macromolecules, their monomers, 2 examples, and their function in the body.
Macromolecule
Monomer
Examples
Main function
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acids
DO NOT FILL IN
17. What is a valence electron? How do you know when an atom is stable?
18. What is the difference between an atom, element, and a compound?
19. What tells you the number of protons an atom has?________________________________
20. How are the number of protons and the number of electrons related?
21. How would you find the number of neutrons?
The Effect of Temp on Enzyme Activity
80
Enzyme Activity (%)
70
60
Rate of Enzyme
Activity X
50
40
Rate of Enzyme
Activity Y
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
Temp (C)
22. Using the graph above, at what temperature does enzyme X and enzyme Y have the same rate of
activity? _____________________What is the optimal temperature for each enzyme?_____________
23. Which enzyme is active over the smallest (narrowest) temperature range? _______________
CELLS and CELL TRANSPORT
24. Define a cell.
Fill in the table below
Cell type
Prokaryote
Has a Nucleus
Does not have a Nucleus
Eukaryotes
25. List the function of the following organelles; write key words:
MitochondriaCell Membrane
Ribosomes
Golgi
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Cell Wall
Lysosomes
Example
26. List, in order, the correct order of organization of structures in living things.
27. Label the diagrams.
What type of cells are these? _______________________
30. Name 3 ways plant and animal cells differ.
31. Use the diagram below to answer the questions.
It is assumed that the membrane is permeable to water and solute.
a.
Refer to the illustration above, into which compartment will the water in compartment 3 move?
b.
Refer to the illustration above, into which compartment will the solute in compartment 4 move?
32. Define the following words. Then draw a picture to help you remember these basic ideas.
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
33. How is active transport different from the above forms of transport?
*Draw a picture to help you remember active transport.
34. Write 1 difference and 1 similarity between endocytosis and exocytosis.
35. a. What would happen to a cell if it were placed in a hypotonic environment? Explain why this would
happen.
Hypertonic environment?
Isotonic environment?
b.What do molecules do once equilibrium is reached?
Draw pictures if it will help you!
36. Match the letters with the definitions. Some will have more than one answer.
a. facilitated diffusion
b. active transport
c. diffusion d. osmosis
______ movement of water
______ uses energy
______ moves molecules from high to low concentration
______ uses a carrier protein to move particles from low to high concentration
______ uses a carrier protein to move particles from high to low concentration
______ moves small particles across a membrane
______ examples are endocytosis and exocytosis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELL RESPIRATION
38. Where does the source of all energy originate?
39. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
40. Define photosynthesis.
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
41. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
Write the equation for respiration.
42. What is the relationship between the two equations above?
What is the major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis AND where does it come from?
44. Name the two electron carriers in photosynthesis. Why are they important?
45. What is the purpose of ATP?
46. Explain the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
47. What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration? Tell what happens in each phase.
48. What is alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
49. What effect does exercise have on carbon dioxide levels in the body and cellular respiration?
50. What part of the cell does cell respiration occurs?
51. A student prepared two beakers with identical sprigs of a water plant as shown below. She placed one
beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. She then systematically changed the
distance from the beaker to the lamp. She counted the bubbles given off by each sprig of the water plant.
Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed in the light.
*Identify the IV, DV, controlled variables and hypothesis.
IV:
DV:
Controlled variables (name 2).
Write a hypothesis.
What are the control group and experimental group?
What is the relationship between the IV and DV (use the graph)?