Download Bio 238 Anatomy II Review guide for lecture exam #5 (final)

Bio 238 Anatomy II
Review guide for lecture exam #5 (final)
Will cover chapters: 27, 28, 29
Format = 50% Multiple choice, 50% take home essay (see questions attached)
Chapter 27:
1. Causes of metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
2. Responses to metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
3. Define electrolytes, buffers, nonelectrolytes
4. How does the body compensate for an increase or decrease in pH?
5. What are the major ions in each compartment? intracellular (K+, PO4-)
extracellular (interstitial) (Na+, Cl-)
(blood plasma) (Na+, Cl-, CO3-2)
5. What buffers each compartment?
Reproductive system: chapter 28
1. Functions of the reproductive system
2. What constitutes the spermatic cord
3. Where sperm production occurs.
4. Path of sperm from the testes to the urethral meatus
5. Functions of the bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicles
6. Differences between meiosis and mitosis
7. Parts of the male reproductive system and their functions
8. Parts of the female reproductive system and their functions
9. Process of oogenesis
10. Characteristics of the menstrual cycle: The different phases and levels of different hormones.
11. What signals the egg to eject itself from the ovary
12. Process of spermatogenesis: How long does it take. How many are made each day?
13. Secondary sexual characteristics: What hormones are involved?
14. The process of fertilization and what occurs after fertilization
15. What occurs during each trimester of pregnancy, generally.
Development and inheritance: Chapter 29
16. Describe/Define: implantation, blastulation, cleavage, blastocyst, chorion, gastrula, blastula, morula,
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, yolk sac, amnion, allantois
17. Define autosomal, homozygous, heterozygous, allele, polygenic inheritance,
18. Identify structures and stages on a diagram from Day 0 through Day 6 of development.
19. How is it possible that two parents with type A blood can have a kid with type O blood?
20. Why do more males suffer from color-blindness than females?
21. Why are polygenic traits harder to predict than single gene traits?
22. Name a single gene trait and a polygenic trait in humans
Exam take home essay portion:
Choose one question from the following:
A)
You eat a pizza before going to bed and you dream of being a sperm cell. Trace your life as a
sperm from genesis to fertilization of the egg. Include your path from seminiferous tubule to the
fertilization point. Describe how long it took to become a spermatozoa and get your tail and the
stages it took to get there.
Extra points if you describe the nature of the fluids you are swimming in along the way.
B) During a spring picnic, you eat some egg salad gone bad. In a Campylobacter induced coma
you imagine yourself as a primordial follicle. How many sisters do you have at birth? How
many do you have at puberty. When and how are you are chosen to join the egg of the month club
and go to the fertilization ball.
Describe the stages along the way including your meiosis status. What entices you to leave your
happy ovarian home and venture onto the scary road down to the uterus city.
Aim for a 2-3 page typed essay (12 point “Times” font, double spaced).
Answer all parts of the question for full points.
Rubric:
- accurate description of the anatomical features
- Details of physiological action at each stage
Example questions and answers:
Describe the path taken by air as it is inhaled though the nose and what components are exchanged into
the blood of surrounding capillaries.
Demo answer - During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and creates a low pressure system in the thoracic
cavity that is approximately 2 mmHg lower than outside air. Air will rush in through the external nares and
channel through the nasal meatus on its way through the nasopharynx. Three nasal conchae protruding from the
wall of the nasopharynx will induce turbulent air flow and cause any dust particles to become lodged in mucus
that coats the nasopharynx. The air will continue to flow into the oropharyx and into the larynx where it will
pass the true vocal cords and vestibular folds. Once past the vocal cords the air is traveling thru a conducting
airway called the trachea which is held open by hemi-circles of cartilage. The trachea extends down to the
lungs where at a point called the carina it bifurcates into the primary bronchi. The bronchi also have cartilage
rings which prevent collapse of the tube as wall as smooth muscle walls which can dilate to decrease airway
resistance or constrict to increase airway resistance. The bronchi are lined with pseudostratified ciliated
columnar cells with cilia that can push mucus out of the lungs and back into the trachea. The primary bronchi
enter each lung at a region known as the hilum. At this point the bronchi branch off into a dendritic pattern to
deliver air to each portion of the lung tissue. After each branching, the bronchi are described as secondary (1st
split) or tertiary (2nd split). After the tertiary bronchi taper they enter smaller conducting vessels that lack rings
called bronchioles. These will also bifurcate several times until they terminate into a structure known as the
terminal bronchiole which will branch one more time to form a respiratory bronchiole that delivers air to an air
sac known as an alveolar sac. The alveoli are composed of simple squamous epithelium that are separated
from a capillary network by about 5 microns. Incoming air has almost 105 mmHg pO2 and little (40 mmHg)
pCO2. The deoxygenated blood that comes from the pulmonary artery feeds into the capillary bed with only 40
mmHg pO2 and 45 mmHg pCO2. External respiration is the process which allows the gasses to diffuse down
their concentration gradient to equilibrate the newly oxygenated blood to 100 mmHg pO2 that is mostly bound
to hemoglobin to form oxy-hemoglobin, while the CO2 diffuses out into the alveoli so that it can be exhaled in
the next ventilation cycle. Exhalation removes somewhat depleted air with a pO2 of 100 mmHg and pCO2 of
40 mmHg.
Demo question: Defend the accuracy of this ecologically-based statement “ Energy flows through an ecosystem, but
materials cycle”.
Demo answer:
The original source of energy to any ecosystem of the planet earth is the sun. Its radiant energy is trapped by
chlorophyll-containing organisms. Through photosynthesis , such organisms convert the energy of light into the stored
energy of chemical bonds of sugars, the products of photosynthesis. From this initial process, different populations of
organisms in a community are integrated by nutrition, their feeding (trophic) levels in a food chain.
Photosynthetic organisms serve in the role of producers and as initiators of the food chain. Subsequent links in
the food chain denote different levels of consumers; primary consumers such as insects, secondary consumers such as
small insectavores etc. and decomposers. Primary consumers in any food chain are herbivores, plant eaters. Subsequent
links are carnivores, eating animal flesh, and decomposers correspond to the end of the chain and consist of bacteria and
fungi, the organisms of decay. As a concrete example: corn plant (producer) may be eaten by locust (primary consumer)
which may be eaten by a mouse (secondary consumer) which may be eaten by an owl (tertiary consumer).
Each chemical energy transfer, link by link in the food chain, is accompanied by a major conversion to heat. Useful
chemical energy remains stored in chemical bonds. It becomes a component of the organism protoplasm, available by
feeding through predation at te next food chain link. Because of the large heat conversion at each step, up to 90% in
some cases, the number of links in the food chain is limited to 4 or 5. Heat is dissipated and cannot be changed back into
a useful chemical form. Therefore constant useful energy input is required from sunlight and photosynthesis converting
light energy into chemical energy for utilization by other organisms. Turn off the sunlight to the earth and the food chains
will eventually run down.
Materials on the other hand are reusable. A copper atom remains a copper atom if it is not changed chemically. It can
constantly be recycled between the biotic and abiotic reservoirs of the environment. Examples of recycling in the
environment are detailed by the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen fixing cycle and all the nutrient cycles discussed in
most science classes.