Download Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives
OBJECTIVE 9.1 — Define memory and explain the three processes of memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.2 — Describe sensory memory, including how icons and echoes function in this
memory system, and explain how information is transferred from sensory memory to shortterm memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.3 — Describe short-term memory in terms of capacity, how information is
encoded, permanence, and susceptibility to interference. Include the concept of working
memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.4 — Describe long-term memory in terms of permanence, capacity and the basis
on which information is stored; define dual memory; and explain how one’s culture affects
memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.5 — Explain the “magic number” seven; describe chunking; and explain how the
two types of rehearsal affect memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.6 — Discuss the permanence of memory including the work of Penfield and the
Loftuses.
OBJECTIVE 9.7 — Explain how memories are constructed. Include the concepts of constructive
processing and pseudo-memories.
OBJECTIVE 9.8 — Discuss the effects of hypnosis on memory and how a cognitive interview
can improve eyewitness memories.
OBJECTIVE 9.9 — Briefly describe how long-term memories are organized, including the
network model and redintegrative memories.
OBJECTIVE 9.10 — Differentiate procedural (skill) memory from declarative (fact) memory and
define and give examples of the two kinds of declarative memory (semantic and episodic).
OBJECTIVE 9.11 — Explain the tip-of-the tongue phenomenon (including the feeling of
knowing).
OBJECTIVE 9.12 — Describe and give an example of each of the following ways of measuring
memory: a. recall (include the serial position effect); b. recognition (compare to recall and
include the concept of distractors); c. relearning (include the concept of savings).
OBJECTIVE 9.13 — Distinguish between explicit and implicit memories. Include a discussion of
priming.
OBJECTIVE 9.14 — Describe the concepts of internal imagery and eidetic imagery and their
effects on long-term memory and explain how these abilities are different from having an
exceptional memory.
OBJECTIVE 9.15 — Explain Ebbinghaus’ curve of forgetting.
OBJECTIVE 9.16 — Discuss the following explanations of forgetting: a. encoding failure; b.
decay of memory traces; c. disuse (give three reasons to question this explanation); d. cuedependent forgetting; e. state-dependent learning; f. interference (list and explain the two
types of interference and how they are investigated in the laboratory); g. positive and negative
transfer: h. repression (and differentiate it from suppression).
OBJECTIVE 9.17 — Describe the false memory syndrome.
OBJECTIVE 9.18 — Describe flashbulb memories, retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and
the role of consolidation in memory, including the effects of ECS.
OBJECTIVE 9.19 — Name the structure in the brain that is responsible for switching information
from STM to LTM. Include a discussion of the engram and the relationship between learning
and transmitter chemicals.
OBJECTIVE 9.20 — Describe each of the following in terms of how it can improve memory: a.
knowledge of results; b. recitation; c. rehearsal; d. selection; e. organization; f. whole versus
part learning; g. serial position effect; h. cues; i. overlearning; j. spaced practice; k. sleep; l.
hunger; m. extension of memory intervals; n. review; o. strategies to aid recall, including the
cognitive interview.
OBJECTIVE 9.21 — Define mnemonic; explain the four basic principles of using mnemonics;
and three techniques for using mnemonics to remember things in order.