Download WHAP Teacher Copy The Consequences of War and Depression

The Consequences of War and Depression
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To identify and explain the causes and effects
of World War I
Do Now: What was the Congress of Vienna and how did
the Congress attempt to maintain peace in Europe?
Cues:
Notes:
I. Conflict in Europe
A. Obvious divisioncompeting states, a long standing-feature of Europe
B. Rivalries further sharpened as both Italy and Germany achieved unification
C. Since defeat of Napoleon in 1815, a fragile and fluctuating balance of power
had maintained the peace
D. By early 20th century, two rival alliancesTriple Alliance of Germany,
Austria, and Italy and Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain
E. Alliances transformed a minor incident in the Balkans into a conflagration
that consumed all of Europe
F. June 28,1914Serbian nationalist assassinated heir to Austrian throne,
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
G. To rulers of Austria, nationalism of Serbian Slavs was a mortal threat to
cohesion of their fragile multinational empire
H. Behind Austriaits powerful ally, Germany; behind Serbia lay Russia
I. A system of alliances intended to keep the peace created obligations that
drew Great Powers of Europe into a general war by early August 1914
J. Causes of WWI nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances (MAIN)
K. Submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire
L. Italy had joined France and Britain and Russia, now known as Allied
Powers  but Russia dropped out in 1917 after Bolshevik Revolution
M. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottomans  now Central Powers
N. U.S.A., after seeking to avoid involvement, joined war in 1917 when
German submarines threatened American shipping
O. Some 2 million Americans helped turn tide in favor of British and French
P. Ground relentlessly on for more than four years before ending in a German
defeat in November 1918
Q. “Trench Warfare”  stalemate on Western Frontrats, lice, disease, this
“total war,” required mobilization of each country’s entire population
R. In factories, women replaced the men who had left for the battlefront
S. Led to widespread disillusionmentwar seemed to mock Enlightenment
T. Collapse of German, Russian, and Austrian empiresnew map of Central
Europe with independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and others
U. “National self-determination,” championed by U.S. President Wilson
V. In Russia, strains of war triggered a vast revolutionary upheaval that
brought radical Bolsheviks to power in 1917
W. Treaty of Versailles, concluded the war in 1919, proved to have established
conditions that generated a second world war only twenty years later
X. “War Guilt” ClauseGermany blamedlost colonies, pay reparations
Summaries:
Cues:
II. Consequences
A. During war, Ottoman authorities suspected some of Armenian population
collaborating with Russian enemy, massacred or deported 1 million
B. War also brought a final end to a declining Ottoman Empire, creating the
modern map of the Middle East
C. Arabs emerged from Turkish rule, but for a time fell under control of
British or French, who were acting on behalf of League of Nations
D. First World War brought U.S.A. to center stage as a global power
E. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen PointsIdea for League of Nations,
international peacekeeping“collective security”but U.S. did not join
F. Women increasingly gained the right to vote
III. Depression
A. American stock market initially crashed on October 24, 1929
B. Banks closed and many people lost life’s savingshigh unemployment
C. Germany and Austria had to make huge reparation payments and were
able to do so only with extensive U.S. loans
D. Britain and France, which were much indebted to U.S., depended on those
reparations to repay their loans
E. Much as Europe’s worldwide empires had globalized the war, so too its
economic linkages globalized the Great Depression
F. U.S.A.’s response to Great Depression came in form of President Franklin
Roosevelt’s New Deal (1933-1942)
G. Reflected the thinking of the British economist, John Maynard Keynes
H. Keynes argued that government actions and spending programs could
moderate severe economic contractions
IV. Rise of Fascism
A. Between 1919 and 1945, a new political ideology
B. Intensely nationalistic and condemned individualism, and was anti-liberal,
anti-feminist, antidemocratic, anti-communist
C. Spain, fascist movement led to a bitter civil war (1936-1939rise of Franco
D. The fascist alternative took shape first in Italysome believed that Italy
had not gained territory it deserved from Treaty of Versailles
E. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)and Black Shirtsswept to power in 1922
Fearful of communism, big business threw its support to Mussolini
F. Symbol was the fasces, bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe,
represented power and strength in unity and derived from ancient Rome
G. Nazi Party under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) By 1933, the
Nazis had achieved national power
H. As W.W.I ended, German imperial state collapsed and a new government
known as the Weimar Republic was left to negotiate the peace settlement
I. Weimar Republic blamed for terms of Treaty of Versailles and Depression
J. National Socialist, or Nazi, Party  intense German nationalism, bitter
hatred for Jews, opposition to communism, against Treaty of Versailles
K. If World War I and Great Depression brought about political and economic
collapse of Europe, Nazis represented a moral collapse within the West
Summaries:
Questions:
 What aspects of Europe's nineteenth-century history contributed to W.W.I?
 In what ways did W.W.I mark new departures in the history of twentieth century?
 In what ways was the Great Depression a global phenomenon?
 In what ways did fascism challenge the ideas and practices of European liberalism
and democracy?
 What was distinctive about the German expression of fascism?
1. Which of the following answer choices
4. The growing integration of all peoples of
best explains why women won the right to
the planet into a single economic and
vote in many Western societies after World
political model and accelerating sharing of
War I?
cultural symbols is termed
(A) Female combat veterans returned home (A) Egalitarianism
demanding political equality.
(B) Simulacra
(B) Female nurses who cared for injured
(C) Postmodernism
troops in the trenches won broad-based
(D) Globalization
sympathy.
(E) Universalism
(C) Crucial contributions in wartime factory
production lent legitimacy to ongoing calls
5. As evidence of renewed power and glory
for political and social equality.
of Italy, Mussolini
(D) Feminist movements got their start
A) Disregarded the League of Nations.
during the First World War.
B) Annexed Libya.
(E) Immediate granting of the right to vote
C) Invaded Ethiopia.
to women in Soviet Russia was an
D) Supported militarists in the Spanish Civil
embarrassment on the world stage for male- War.
dominated liberal democracies where the
E) All of the above.
movement for women's suffrage was
decades old.
6. Specific steps taken by Hitler after 1933
that violated the Treaty of Versailles
2. Which belligerent power of the First
included all of the following except
World War carried out an early exit from
A) Remilitarization of Germany in spite of
the hostilities and negotiated a separate
limits imposed by the peace settlement.
peace treaty?
B) Retaking the Rhineland, held by France
(A) France
since the war.
(B) The United States
C) Withdrawing Germany from the League
(C) Russia
of Nations.
(D) Austria-Hungary
D) Signing a nonaggression pact with the
(E) Germany
Soviet Union.
E) Annexing Austria and Sudetenland in
3. Which of the following had NOT
spite of the principle of self-determination.
experienced fascist aggression or takeover
prior to World War II?
(A) Ethiopia
(B) Czechoslovakia
(C) Great Britain
(D) Spain
(E) China
Excerpt from elsa.berkeley.edu
The fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States was a decline in
spending (sometimes referred to as aggregate demand), which led to a decline in
production as manufacturers and merchandisers noticed an unintended rise in inventories.
The sources of the contraction in spending in the United States varied over the course of
the Depression, but they cumulated into a monumental decline in aggregate demand. The
American decline was transmitted to the rest of the world largely through the gold
standard. However, a variety of other factors also influenced the downturn in various
countries.
The initial decline in output in the United States in the summer of 1929 is widely believed
to have stemmed from tight U.S. monetary policy aimed at limiting stock market
speculation. The 1920s had been a prosperous decade, but not an exceptional boom period;
wholesale goods prices had remained nearly constant throughout the decade and there had
been mild recessions in both 1924 and 1927. The one obvious area of excess was the stock
market.
Stock prices had risen more than fourfold from the low in 1921 to the peak reached in
1929. In 1928 and 1929, the Federal Reserve had raised interest rates in hopes of slowing
the rapid rise in stock prices. These higher interest rates depressed interest-sensitive
spending in areas such as construction and automobile purchases, which in turn reduced
production. Some scholars believe that a boom in housing construction in the mid-1920s led
to an excess supply of housing and a particularly large drop in construction in 1928 and
1929. By the fall of 1929, U.S. stock prices had reached levels that could not be justified by
reasonable anticipations of future earnings. As a result, when a variety of minor events led
to gradual price declines in October 1929, investors lost confidence and the stock market
bubble burst. Panic selling began on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929. Many stocks
had been purchased on margin that is, using loans secured by only a small fraction of the
stocks’ value. As a result, the price declines forced some investors to liquidate their
holdings, thus exacerbating the fall in prices. Between their peak in September and their
low in November, U.S. stock prices (measured using the Cowles Index) declined 33 percent.
Because the decline was so dramatic, this event is often referred to as the Great Crash of
1929.
The stock market crash reduced American aggregate demand substantially. Consumer
purchases of durable goods and business investment fell sharply after the crash. A likely
explanation is that the financial crisis generated considerable uncertainty about future
income, which in turn led consumers and firms to put off purchases of durable goods.
Although the loss of wealth caused by the decline in stock prices was relatively small, the
crash may also have depressed spending by making people feel poorer. As a result of the
drastic decline in consumer and firm spending, real output in the United States, which had
been declining slowly up to this point, fell rapidly in late 1929 and throughout 1930. Thus,
while the Great Crash of the stock market and the Great Depression are two quite separate
events, the decline in stock prices was one factor causing the decline in production and
employment in the United States.
Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Western Europe: 1815 - 1945 C.E.
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